Biography of Henry Ford, Industrialist and Inventor

Account of Henry Ford, Industrialist and Inventor Henry Ford was an Americanâ industrialist, the author of the Ford Motor Company, and the supporter of the improvement of theâ assembly lineâ technique ofâ mass creation. Quick Facts: Henry Ford Known For: American industrialist, author of the Ford Motor Company.Born: July 30, 1863, Dearborn, Michigan.Parents: Mary Litogot Ahern Ford (1839â€1876) and William Ford (1826-1905) (m. April 21, 1861).Died: April 7, 1947, Dearborn, Michigan.Education: Scotch Settlement School in Dearborn to the sixth grade, disciple in a machine shop, and general business learns at Bryant Stratton Business University in Detroit. Published Works: My Life and Work. Spouse: Clara Jane Bryant (m. 1888â€1947).Children: Edsel (November 6, 1893â€May 26, 1943). Early Life Henry Ford was conceived on July 30, 1863, one of eight and the most established of five that made due to adulthood, of Mary Litogot Ahern and William Ford. William (1826â€1905) was an Irish foreigner, conceived in Clonakilty in County Cork, who fled the Irish potato starvation with two acquired pounds andâ a set of carpentry devices. He settled in Detroit where some of his uncles lived, and immediately collected land. At three years old, Mary Litogot Ahern (1839â€1876) and her three siblings were stranded; Mary was received by a couple named Margaret and Patrick Ahern. She and William wedded on April 21, 1861: Marys endowment included 90 sections of land and after they were hitched, their sizable ranch totaled 250 sections of land. When Henry was conceived, they were among the most significant and well off families in Dearborn.â Training Henry was instructed in two one-room school buildings, the Scottish Settlement School and the Miller School, completing six evaluations. The structure was in the long run moved to Fords Greenfield town and opened to voyagers. From his graduation in 1876 Henry chipped away at his dads ranch yet after gather 1878, he unexpectedly left, strolling off without authorization to Detroit where he remained with his dads sister Rebecca. He took an occupation at the trolley maker Michigan Car Company Works, however was terminated following six days and needed to get back. In 1879, William got Henry an apprenticeship at the James Flower and Brothers Machine shop in Detroit where he kept going 9 months, leaving for the Detroit Dry Dock Company, pioneers in iron boats and Bessemer steel. Neither one of the jobs paid him enough to cover his lease, so he took a night work with a gem specialist, cleaning and fixing watches.â Henry Ford came back to the homestead in 1882, where he worked a little versatile steam sifting machine, the Westinghouse Agricultural Engine, for a neighbor. He was generally excellent at it, and over the summers of 1883â€1884, he was recruited by the organization to work and fix motors made and sold in Michigan and northern Ohio.â Marriage and Future Plans In December of 1885, Ford met Clara Jane Bryant (1866â€1950) at a New Years Eve gathering and they wedded on April 11, 1888. Portage kept on working the ranch his dad gave him a real esatate however his heart was in fiddling and he obviously had business as a primary concern. Over the winters of 1888-1890, Henry Ford joined up with Goldsmith, Bryant Stratton Business University in Detroit, where he likely took handwriting, accounting, mechanical drawing, and general strategic approaches. By the mid 1890s, Ford was persuaded that he could build a horseless carriage: however he didnt think enough about power, so in September 1891, he took a vocation with the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit. After his solitary child Edsel was conceived on November 6, 1893, Ford was elevated to Chief Engineer. By 1896, Edison had fabricated his first working horseless carriage, which he named a quadricyle. He offered it so as to fund take a shot at an improved model-a conveyance cart. On April 17, 1897, Ford applied for a patent for a carburetor, and on August 5, 1899, the Detroit Automobile Company was shaped. After ten days, Ford quit the Edison Illuminating Company. And on January 12, 1900, the Detroit Automobile Company discharged the conveyance cart as its first business vehicle, structured by Henry Ford. Portage Motors Portage fused the Ford Motor Company in 1903, announcing, I will assemble a vehicle for the incredible huge number. In October 1908, he did as such, the Model T-Ford numbered his models by the letters of the letter set, despite the fact that not every one of them made it to make. First evaluated at $950, over the Model Ts nineteen years of creation, its cost plunged as low as $280. About 15,000,000 were sold in the United States alone. The Model T proclaims the start of the Motor Age; Fords advancement was a vehicle developed from extravagance thing for the wealthy to a fundamental type of transportation for the common man, that that normal man could fix and keep up without anyone else Albeit in spite of certain reports he didnt develop the mechanical production system, Ford used it to upset assembling forms in the United States. By 1914, his Highland Park, Michigan plant utilized creative creation strategies to turn out a total body at regular intervals. This was a dazzling improvement over the previous creation time of 728 minutes. Utilizing a continually moving mechanical production system, development of work, and cautious coordination of tasks, Ford acknowledged enormous additions in efficiency, and individual riches. In 1914, Ford started paying his workers five dollars per day, about multiplying the wages offered by different makers. He slice the workday from nine to eight hours so as to change over the production line to a three-move workday. Portages large scale manufacturing procedures would in the long run take into consideration the production of a Model T like clockwork. His advancements made him a global superstar. On May 27, 1927, creation finished for the Ford Model T. Heritage and Death Passage was a keen agent and a significant artist, with a genuinely slender skin. In 1919 he sued the Chicago Tribune for defamation for composing an article in which the Tribune called him a revolutionary and uninformed idealist. He composed and modified his account on numerous occasions starting in 1922, and he supported the reclamation of an unspoiled rustic town called Greenfield Village which was worked to a limited extent to go about as a visitor goal praising his life and work. However, Ford kept on enhancing. In 1932, Henry Ford presented his last building triumph: his en square, or one piece, V-8 motor; and on January 13, 1942, he licensed a plastic-bodied vehicle a vehicle 30 percent lighter than metal vehicles. Passages reasonable Model T irreversibly modified American culture. As more Americans claimed vehicles, urbanization designs changed. The United States saw the development of the suburbs, the production of a national parkway framework, and a populace spellbound with the chance of going anyplace whenever. Portage saw a significant number of these progressions during his lifetime, at the same time specifically yearning for the agrarian way of life of his childhood. The most recent couple of years, Henry Ford noticeably eased back down, and on April 7, 1947, he kicked the bucket in his home in Dearborn. Contention There is lamentably abundant proof that Ford was a biased person, whose works incorporate a few proclamations alluding to racial domination. As per an ongoing article in Quartz, despite the fact that he recruited dark representatives and paid them equivalent to white ones, he was worried that they and his different laborers would be tainted by the malevolence of jazz music, so he proposed that square moving could be advanced as an elective spot where white individuals could hang out.â Sources Bryan, Ford R. Clara: Mrs. Henry Ford. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2013.Ford, Henry. My Life and Work. Portages journal was distributed a few times and with various versions, the book was first composed, in relationship with Samuel Crowther, in 1922.Lewis, David L. The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1976.Pennacchia, Robyn. America’s healthy square moving custom is a device of racial domination. Quartz, December 12, 2017.Swigger, Jessica. History Is Bunk: Historical Memories at Henry Fords Greenfield Village. College of Texas, 2008.Wik, Reynold M. Henry Ford and Grass-roots America. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1973.Wood, John Cunningham and Michael C. Wood (eds). Henry Ford: Critical Evaluations in Business and Management, Volume 1. London: Routledge, 2003.

Free Essays on Great Depression

The Great Depression and the New Deal. In 1932 just about 1500 banks fizzled, 32,00 organizations shut their entryways and one-fourth of the work power in the United States was jobless. In that same year Franklin Delanore Roosevelt was chosen president. He took office in 1933 with the economy and the country in an extreme wretchedness. For the initial three years of the Great Depression the administration did very little to assist the economy with recovering. This all changed when FDR and his law based organization took control. This organization started the New Deal. This program united the government and the state governments. The states got government awards, which gave financing for such projects as open works ventures, lodging help, help to families with subordinate youngsters, joblessness pay and numerous other programs. These projects served to in the long run pull the economy and the country out of the Great Depression. The fundamental inquiry is the reason the law based organization and FDR felt these projects would work, and why they felt such an emotional change in the job of the legislature was required. For the appropriate response we should go to a financial specialist by the name of John Maynard Keynes. He built up a financial hypothesis that said that the powers of gracefully and request worked to gradually in a genuine downturn, and the national government should step in and help animate the economy. This hypothesis got known as Keynesian Economics. Regarding the Great Sadness the economy was at a genuine awkwardness in light of the fact that the open part was sparing more than expected and the business segment was not contributing at a run of the mill level. In this way the administration expected to step on and animate the economy. This incitement was found in the activities of the administration in the New Deal. Slowly yet doubtlessly the means taken by the administration pulled the country's economy out of the downturn it looked for such a significant number of years. Fran... Free Essays on Great Depression Free Essays on Great Depression Extraordinary Depression was during 1929 through 1939. It was one of the hardest time individuals had experienced. There wasn’t cash like there is presently or transportation. I talked with six distinct individuals upon the arrival of 1-13-00. I learned numerous things, for example, how there wasn’t food, cash, garments, transportation, and numerous different things during the hour of the downturn. I’m going to reveal to you stories I heard likewise my inclination on things. Upon the arrival of January first of 2000, I had gone to a nursing home by the name of Millers Mary Manor situated on highway 6 in Lake Station. There I had met a wide range of individuals: The clench hand one I’m going to enlighten you regarding was a man who passed by the name Nicholas Georgeif. His age wasn’t talked about. He was a young person during the downturn. His dad took a shot at the homestead as he went to class during the day. After school him and his sisters and siblings had helped on the homestead. In those days cash was tight you worked for a dollar daily or seventy-five pennies to gather together a knew about steers. He served in the military for a long time and two months. He didn’t talk quite a bit of how it was or had affected him during the time. He at that point got intrigued by photography and purchased his first camera for a dollar. He revealed to us how he recollected Franklin Roosevelt had assembled a WPA it was a laborers journalists venture. Roosevelt had gave the individuals who didn’t have occupations a vocation on the WPA, they took a shot at thruways and streets for around a dollar daily. Additionally Nicholas expressed how he (Roosevelt) set up CC camps. Which is non military personnel conversational corps, for kids to remain of the avenues and in the clear. After Nicholas had been out of the military he turned into a picture taker professionally. He additionally had taken pictures of Albert Einstein. To make a long story short†¦ He wasn’t timid in those days. He approached Einstein’s entryway and expressed what his identity was and needed to snap a photo of him. It went from there†¦ He had snapped the photo met his wi... Free Essays on Great Depression The Great Depression and the New Deal. In 1932 very nearly 1500 banks fizzled, 32,00 organizations shut their entryways and one-fourth of the work power in the United States was jobless. In that same year Franklin Delanore Roosevelt was chosen president. He took office in 1933 with the economy and the country in an extreme sorrow. For the initial three years of the Great Depression the administration did very little to assist the economy with recovering. This all changed when FDR and his just organization took control. This organization started the New Deal. This program united the government and the state governments. The states got government awards, which gave financing for such projects as open works ventures, lodging help, help to families with subordinate kids, joblessness remuneration and numerous other programs. These projects served to in the long run pull the economy and the country out of the Great Depression. The fundamental inquiry is the reason the just organization and FDR felt these projects would work, and why they felt such an emotional change in the job of the legislature was required. For the appropriate response we should go to a financial analyst by the name of John Maynard Keynes. He built up a financial hypothesis that said that the powers of gracefully and request worked to gradually in a genuine downturn, and the national government should step in and help animate the economy. This hypothesis got known as Keynesian Economics. As far as the Great Melancholy the economy was at a genuine lopsidedness in light of the fact that the open area was sparing more than expected and the business area was not contributing at a regular level. In this manner the administration expected to step on and invigorate the economy. This incitement was found in the activities of the legislature in the New Deal. Slowly however without a doubt the means taken by the administration pulled the country's economy out of the downturn it looked for such a large number of years. Fran... Free Essays on Great Depression Could the Great Depression of the mid 1920’s to late 1930’s have been forestalled? Would we be able to have forestalled laying off 1/3 of the work power and cause individuals to ask for the lowest pay permitted by law occupations during the 1930’s? Would we be able to have forestalled individuals alarm selling their stalks in October of 1929 when the tail advertise smashed? Would it be able to be accused on monetary issues brought to us by WW1? I accept that the Great Depression could have been forestalled and I have the responses to these inquiries and more in the accompanying sections. Numerous individuals thrived in the 1920’s yet many didn't. Success was inconsistent mutual the well off got wealthier and the poor got more unfortunate. In the event that you were rich you were rich that’s it, yet on the off chance that you were poor you were either a worker or a rancher. Anyway it wasn’t going to remain as such everlastingly, on October 24,1929 individuals out of nowhere began selling there stalks. More than 12 million in stalks were lost on one day however New York brokers held the market. After five days October 29, 1929 the market smashed again this time for good loosing over $30 billion was lost individuals named the day dark Tuesday. The answer for this issue would have been straightforward if the administration at the time had any sound judgment at. All they would need to do is the thing that the administration following up the September 11, 2001 occasion did when everybody began to freeze sell their stocks the president revitalized all t he big enchiladas of the nation and made them make a type of open message telling the individuals its alright we don’t need to freeze sell our stocks there is nothing awful going to happen you don’t need to sell your stalks.... Free Essays on Great Depression Incredible Depression in the United States, most exceedingly terrible and longest monetary breakdown throughout the entire existence of the advanced mechanical world, enduring from the finish of 1929 until the mid 1940s. Starting in the United States, the downturn spread to the greater part of the world’s modern nations, which in the twentieth century had gotten financially reliant on each other. The Great Depression saw fast decreases in the creation and offer of merchandise and an abrupt, serious ascent in joblessness. Organizations and banks shut their entryways, individuals lost their occupations, homes, and reserve funds, and many relied upon noble cause to endure. In 1933, even under the least favorable conditions point in the downturn, in excess of 15 million Americans-one-fourth of the nation’s workforce-were jobless. The downturn was brought about by various genuine shortcomings in the economy. Despite the fact that the 1920s showed up on a superficial level to be a prosperous time, pay was unevenly dispersed. The affluent made huge benefits, yet an ever increasing number of Americans spent more than they earned, and ranchers confronted low costs and substantial obligation. The waiting impacts of World War I (1914-1918) caused financial issues in numerous nations, as Europe battled to pay war obligations and reparations. These issues added to the emergency that started the Great Depression: the awful U.S. financial exchange crash of 1929, which demolished a large number of speculators and decimated trust in the economy. Proceeding all through the 1930s, the downturn finished in the United States just when monstrous spending for World War II started. The downturn delivered enduring impacts on the United States that are as yet evident the greater part a century after it finished. It prompted the appointment of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who made the projects known as the New Deal to defeat the impacts of the Great Depression. These projects extended government intercession into new territories of social and financial concerns and made social-help quantifies on the national level. The Grea... Free Essays on Great Depression In U.S. history, the extreme monetary emergency as far as anyone knows accelerated by the U.S. financial exchange crash of 1929. In spite of the fact that it shared the essential attributes of other such cri

Definition and Examples of Language Death

Definition and Examples of Language Death Language passing is aâ linguistic term for the end or eradication of a language. Likewise called language elimination. Language Extinction Qualifications are ordinarily drawn between an imperiled language (one with few or no kids learning the language) and a wiped out language (one in which the last local speaker has died).â A Language Dies Every Two Weeks By and large, at regular intervals (By Hook or by Crook: A Journey in Search of English, 2008). Language Death Like clockwork a language kicks the bucket. By 2100, the greater part of the in excess of 7,000 dialects spoken on Earthmany of them not yet recordedmay vanish, taking with them an abundance of information about history, culture, the indigenous habitat, and the human cerebrum. (National Geographic Society, Enduring Voices Project)I am constantly sorry when any language is lost, since dialects are the family of countries. (Samuel Johnson, cited by James Boswell in The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, 1785)Language demise happens in temperamental bilingual or multilingual discourse networks because of language move from a backward minority language to a prevailing greater part language. (Wolfgang Dressler, Language Death. 1988)Aboriginal Australia holds a portion of the universes most imperiled dialects including Amurdag, which was accepted to be wiped out until a couple of years back when etymologists ran over speaker Charlie Mangulda living in the Northern Territory.(Holly Bentley, Mind Your Language. The Guardian, Aug. 13, 2010) The Effects of a Dominant Language A language is said to be dead when nobody talks it any more. It might keep on having presence in recorded structure, of coursetraditionally recorded as a hard copy, all the more as of late as a component of a sound or video file (and it does as it were live on in this way)but except if it has familiar speakers one would not discuss it as a living language. . . .The impacts of a predominant language shift particularly in various pieces of the world, as do perspectives towards it. In Australia, the nearness of English has, straightforwardly or in a roundabout way, caused incredible semantic obliteration, with 90% of dialects incurable. Be that as it may, English isn't the language which is prevailing all through Latin America: if dialects are kicking the bucket there, it isn't through any deficiency of English. Additionally, the nearness of a prevailing language doesn't consequently bring about a 90% annihilation rate. Russian has for quite some time been predominant in the nations of the previous USSR, yet there the all out decimation of nearby dialects has been evaluated to be just (sic) 50%.(David Crystal, Language Death. Cambridge University Press, 2002) Stylish Loss The fundamental misfortune when a language passes on isn't social yet stylish. The snap sounds in certain African dialects are brilliant to hear. In numerous Amazonian dialects, when you state something you need to indicate, with an addition, where you got the data. The Ket language of Siberia is so amazingly sporadic as to appear to be a work of art.But let’s recollect that this stylish pleasure is for the most part relished by the outside onlooker, regularly an expert savorer such as myself. Proficient language specialists or anthropologists are a piece of a particular human minority. . . .By the day's end, language passing is, unexpectedly, a manifestation of individuals meeting up. Globalization implies up to this point confined people groups relocating and sharing space. For them to do as such and still keep up unmistakable dialects across ages happens just in the midst of surprisingly industrious self-isolationsuch as that of the Amishor severe isolation. (Jews didn't sp eak Yiddish so as to delight in their decent variety but since they lived in a politically-sanctioned racial segregation society.)(John McWhorter, The Cosmopolitan Tongue: The Universality of English. World Affairs Journal, Fall 2009) Steps to Preserve a Language [T]he best non-etymologists can do, in North-America, towards saving dialects, lingos, vocabularies and so forth is, among other potential activities, (French etymologist Claude Hagã ¨ge, creator of On the Death and Life of Languages, in Q and A: The Death of Languages. The New York Times, Dec. 16, 2009) Taking an interest in affiliations which, in the US and Canada, work to acquire from nearby and national governments an acknowledgment of the significance of Indian dialects (arraigned and prompted semi elimination during the XIXth century) and societies, for example, those of the Algonquian, Athabaskan, Haida, Na-Dene, Nootkan, Penutian, Salishan, Tlingit people group, to name only a few;Participating in subsidizing the formation of schools and the arrangement and installment of skilled teachers;Participating in the preparation of language specialists and ethnologists having a place with Indian clans, so as to encourage the distribution of syntaxes and word references, which ought to likewise be monetarily helped;Acting so as to present the information on Indian societies as one of the significant points in American and Canadian TV and radio projects. An Endangered Language in Tabasco The language of Ayapaneco has been spoken in the land currently known as Mexico for a considerable length of time. It has endure the Spanish triumph, seen off wars, upsets, starvations and floods. In any case, presently, as such a significant number of different indigenous dialects, its in danger of extinction.There are only two individuals left who can talk it fluentlybut they will not converse with one another. Manuel Segovia, 75, and Isidro Velazquez, 69, live 500 meters separated in the town of Ayapa in the tropical swamps of the southern territory of Tabasco. It isn't certain whether there is a since quite a while ago covered contention behind their shared shirking, however individuals who realize them state they have never truly delighted in every others company.They dont share a great deal practically speaking, says Daniel Suslak, an etymological anthropologist from Indiana University, who is associated with an undertaking to deliver a word reference of Ayapaneco. Segovia, he says, can be somewhat thorny and Velazquez, who is increasingly aloof, seldom prefers to leave his home.The word reference is a piece of a test of skill and endurance to revive the language before it is absolutely past the point of no return. At the point when I was a kid everyone talked it, Segovia told the Guardian by telephone. Its vanished gradually, and now I guess it may pass on with me. (Jo Tuckman, Language at Risk of Dying OutLast Two Speakers Arent Talking. The Guardian, April 13, 2011) Those etymologists dashing to spare biting the dust languagesurging townspeople to bring their kids up in the little and undermined language as opposed to the greater national languageface analysis that they are inadvertently helping keep individuals devastated by urging them to remain in a little language ghetto. (Robert Lane Greene, You Are What You Speak. Delacorte, 2011)

What to Expect From Harvey Mudd Supplement Essay Samples?

What to Expect From Harvey Mudd Supplement Essay Samples? Maybe you took an online French course to get familiar with the language before taking a visit to Paris with your family members. Ultimately, you're want to go beyond simply listing the things that attract you. Therefore, you ought to keep your answer sweet and easy. Your answer ought to be personal and, if at all possible, unexpected. Harvey Mudd Supplement Essay Samples Secrets ISAB also supplies recreational opportunities! By the minute you're done, you'll have a complete collection of reasons for applying to LMU. There's no advantage or disadvantage for a Harvey Mudd student selecting a major earlier in her or his career. There are lots of opportunities at school which I can make the most of to my success in course work. Basically, the admissions folks wish to understand why their school is of specific interest to you. Admissions officers would like to know you'll be willing to contribute to lively class discussion and possibly conduct research in your latter years on campus. Claremont McKenna College is a unique community since it is composed of talented folks who individually and collectively contribute to improving the life span of the College. Over the duration of the subsequent four decades, students receive support from the college through local host families, the global student services office, and a mentor program named InterConnect. What you decide to write about will give admissions an idea about what you truly care about and how you understand the world. Comparable to the preceding list, you're want to be careful to prevent self-aggrandizing or pandering choices. Through observations of the signals of confusion in the faces of men and women in the audience, an individual will know th e method by which the message is being perceived. It's typically a great strategy to pick something you've been doing for a very long time, where you're able to showcase key qualities like commitment, perseverance, and leadership. Even if you previously have a good idea, a small fact-checking never hurt anyone. Braveness is about wisdom. Since you just have 50 words, don't have any choice except to continue to keep your answer short and sweet. Predicted results for exams which are in progress needs to be sent with the application. Repeat this process till you're faced with just four questions. Unless Harvard is your very first choice and you're tackling this application with an early submission deadline before you, you might want to leave this essay until the conclusion of your supplement run. Understanding Harvey Mudd Supplement Essay Samples The GPA requirement that actually matters is the GPA you will need for an actual prospect of getting in. Some of the most prosperous applicants are heavily engaged in only a few pur suits. The college understands you want to have the ideal possibility of admission, and retaking the test is a great means to do this. We enroll new students just in the fall semester. In humans, for example, the appendix is considered to be a vestigial structure. Make your essay particular to the university so that it is going to be a strong supplemental essay. This quick essay will surely be a positive bit of her application. As you write your very own supplemental essays, make sure to prevent common supplemental essay mistakes. Abortion debates aim to reveal the rights and wrongs that are connected with the practice and answer the most important puzzle against the custom, while it is right or wrong. Thus, it's right to say that abortion is just wrong if it's done with no considerable reason. While interviews aren't required, they are highly encouraged. Since the interview isn't required, it isn't counted against you whenever you're unable to complete one. The interview lets you tell us more about your own personal background, together with your accomplishments, talents, and goals. As the interview isn't an essential element of the program, you won't be at a disadvantage if an interview isn't available in your region.

Is Psychology A Science - 2038 Words

Together, can a conclusion be made? The conclusion being that science helps many parts of our lives? â€Å"Like all science, psychology is knowledge: and like science, it is knowledge of a definite thing, the mind† in this quote by James Mark Baldwin, it states that psychology is a science, a science that is being used in many different ways. Unlike usual science, that teach us about cells, rocks, and animals, this science gives us a glimpse of something that everyone has and something that everyone has questions about†¦ the mind! Psychology helps us in many different ways, and one of those ways is to help police catch criminals. Psychology helps the police force catch criminals by looking at behavior patterns that these criminals have when it comes to committing crimes, looking into the criminals’ past, and allowing the formation of a special unit. It is important to remember that the use of psychology to catch criminals isn’t just for any type of criminal, but mostly helps law enforcement catch violent criminals namely, serial killers, serial rapists, serial arsonists, and terrorists. Many argue that using psychology in profiling is not a sound science and law enforcement is making a guess rather than an educated assessment. Looking into behavioral patterns of violent criminals has a lot of important pieces. One of these many pieces is victimology (study of victims, socioeconomic background as well as physical traits, e.c.t.) â€Å"†¦ The victim constitutes roughly half of theShow MoreRelatedThe Science Of Psychology And Psychology2314 Words   |  10 PagesChapter 1: The Science of Psychology Downs, Martin. â€Å"Psychology vs. Psychiatry: Which is better?† WebMd.com. WebMD, Inc., 2005. Web. 30 Nov. 2014. The article is about the importance of psychology, the article is written by the Downs Martin in the year of 2005. 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Affordable Care Act The New Health Reform Law - 957 Words

The Affordable Care Act is the new health reform law that was signed into action on March 23, 2010. The Affordable Care Act attempts to reform the healthcare system by providing Americans with affordable health insurance. It helps put individuals, businesses, and families in control of their own healthcare. By the sound of it, it really looks like this is something that will positively impact the lives of Americans, and make it easier for individuals to obtain health insurance. Unfortunately, what many Americans are unaware of is that there are so many underlying issues that make the Affordable Care Act not so affordable. Issues such as penalties and taxes that certainly rack up the cost on individuals, businesses and even hospitals that make it difficult for people and businesses to be in â€Å"control† of their health care. The individual mandate is a â€Å"requirement stating that individuals have to obtain basic health insurance under the Affordable Care Act or pay a taxà ¢â‚¬ . The fee for not having health insurance increases drastically every single year. For example, if an individual went without health insurance in 2014, the cost was $95 per adult and $47.50 per child (up to $285 per family) or 1% of their household income above the tax return filing threshold for your filing status- whichever is greater. If an individual went without health insurance in 2015, the cost was $325 per adult and $162.50 per child ($975 per family) or 2% of their household income above the taxShow MoreRelatedHealthcare Crisis And Affordable Care Act1317 Words   |  6 PagesHealthcare Crisis Affordable Care Act During the 2008 presidential election, the issue of health care reform became a pressing issue, mainly among the Democrats. Supporters quoted that nearly 46 million Americans were uninsured while 25 million did not have sufficient health coverage. 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It also is working to curb the growth in healthcare spending in the U.S. which has been rising at an unsustainable rate. Obamacare was passed in the senate on December 24, 2009, and passed in the house on March 21, 2010. It was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010, and upheld in the supreme court on JuneRead MoreAffordable Care Act1414 Words   |  6 PagesPatient Protection and Affordable Care Act Yolanda Raqueno HCS/455 April 17, 2013 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The goal of this essay is to discuss the health care system in the United States. Another aim of this essay is to discuss the health policy, to improve, and to reduce inequalities. In the United States the private insurance system is a major provider of health care services, health care system is expensive and in many cases not efficient. This essay focusesRead MoreObama Essay930 Words   |  4 PagesLaw Identification The Affordable Health Care Act also known as Obamacare is a reform law that was enacted in March of 2010 by the 111th United States Congress that had begun the last two weeks of George W. Bush’s presidency. And what they did was have a legislative branch meeting in 2010 to discuss The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act that was eventually nicknamed Obamacare, that also included the Health Care and Reconciliation Act of 2010.This was an act that would ensure that all AmericansRead MoreA Comprehensive Overview Of The Affordable Care Act1713 Words   |  7 Pagespresident Barack Obama, signed into law on March 23, 2010 by President after long legislative debates, the Affordable Care Act s main purpose is to provide access to affordable and comprehensive health coverage to millions uninsured Americans who do not have coverage or adequate coverage, those who would be denied coverage under the previous insurance practice either base on pre-existing condition, gender or age, while controlling the cost of health care. (New York Time, October 26, 2014) The purpose

Computer Security and Forensics Tools Wireless Security

Question: Describe about the Report of Computer Security and Forensics Tools for Wireless Security. Answer: Executive Summary: This report about Wireless Security Cracking tools covers all the aspects related to it. The report covers various types of attacks related to wireless security such as Confidentiality attacks, Integrity attacks, Authentication attacks and Bluetooth attacks. There are some tools related to these attacks which have been explained separately in this report. In the end, various wireless security cracking tools have been compared. So, this report helps reader to get knowledge about various security cracking tools. Introduction: This report is an analysis of wireless attack tools which emphasize mainly on 802.11 networks and Bluetooth. In this four types of attacks are included which are Confidentiality, Integrity, Authentication and Bluetooth. Confidentiality attack tools emphasize on the type of data and known for cracking the encryption. Integrity attack tools mainly emphasize on the data which is in transmission and in this, frame insertion, main in the middle and replay attacks are included. Authentication attach tools emphasize on crackin the authenticity of the data i.e. cracking the passwords, crackin the keys and credentials. Last but not the least, Bluetooth attack tools focus on attackin the Bluetooth devices and attempt to steal the information from the device with the help of Bluetooth connection. So, various hacking and cracking tools used for these purposes are discussed in this report. The tools have been compared on the basis of its purposes, availability, encryption type, authentication typ e, and data integrity type. Wireless Security Cracking Tools: Usually, Wireless networks come with a great security such as Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) or Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). Wireless Security is must to ensure confidentiality, privacy, availability, authenticity and integrity of the data. There are some kinds of attack which attack on the security of wireless networks are as follows: Confidentiality Attacks: These are the types of attacks which attempt to intercept the confidential or private data over wireless networks. Integrity Attacks: These are the types of attacks which try to send fraudulent control, data frames so that recipient gets mislead. Authentication Attacks: These attacks are basically used by the intruders for stealing the identities and credentials of users so that they could access private networks. Bluetooth Attacks: Nowadays, attacks on Bluetooth are also emerging with growing popularity of Bluetooth devices. Bluetooth attacks are DoS, Bluesnarfing and Bump attack. In Bluetooth DoS attack, a device is involved which is not a part of piconet interrupting the existing piconet of other devices. Bluesnarfing is an attack in which an attacker might get unauthorized data with the help of Bluetooth Connection. In Bump attack, attacker sends a request to the victim for accepting the connection for data transfer like photos, calendar notice or contacts on a PDA. Once the data is sent, attacker does not close the connection i.e. keeps the connection open due to which attacker is allowed for requesting key regeneration even after the victim deletes the pairing between them. Once the attacker is done with key regeneration, he/she may be able to access all the services of victims device. To attacks on Security of Wireless Networks, some tools have been built up which try to crack the security of networks. Some of tools have been developed for compromising with 802.11 networks. Therefore, these kinds of tools are known as Wireless Security Cracking Tools. Wireless Security Cracking Tools have been categorized as follows: Confidentiality Cracking Tools: Eavesdropping is an attack to intercept the real-time private communication such as instant messages, phone calls, or videoconferences. Tool used for such attack is Wireshark which is used to display the network traffic of both wireless and wired networks. This tool is used to show the captured data in an easy way so that anyone could read and follow it easily. An encryption key cracker is a tool which is used to crack the encrypted information. There is a tool called AirSnort for WEP and AirCrack for WPA. Integrity Cracking Tools: Airpwn is a kind of wireless attack tool for packet injection of 802.11. File2air is also a similar type of tool but using this tool, user is allowed to specify an amount of injected packets. There is one more tool called as AirJack which is used to run the actual frame injection. Simple replay is an attack tool which allows for 802.11 packets which had been captured to be injected back into the network. Frame injection and frame relay attacks tools are the tools which attack directly on the integrity of data. Availability Attack Tools: Few of the availability tools are similar to those listed in the integrity attack tools because most of the attacks are similar in both availability and integrity. But there are some specific tools which are used to attack availability because few of the attacks on availability are different from that of integrity. FakeAP is one of the flooding attack tools which are used for generating thousands of 802.11. Bluetooth Attack tools: With the growing demands of Bluetooth devices, risk associated with Bluetooth i.e. attacks on Bluetooth are also growing. A BlueSmack tool is used for launching the ping of death attack on Bluetooth devices. This tool requests thousands of echoes from a Bluetooth devices and then the device gets unable to do anything only the echoes are returned which causes Denial of Service (DoS). BlueChop and BluePass are also attacks tools for DoS. BlueChop is used to interrupt the existed piconet. BluePass attack tool is used for creating Bluetooth packets so that buffer overflow attack is caused. Wireshark Tool: This tool is basically a confidentiality attack tool which is also known as Ethereal and considered as the most powerful tool in network analysis toolkit. It works as a network packet analyzer which is peered inside the network and used to analyze the details of traffic at various levels. This tool is free of cost. It is much easier to install this tool. It can run on various platforms such as Windows, Macintosh OS X, Unix/Linux or any other operating systems. Ettercap Attack Tool: Ettercap is a free and open source tool which is used to launch the Man-in-Middle Attacks. This tool is used for the analysis of network and security auditing. It is run on various operating system platforms such as Linux, Windows, Mac OS, and BSD. Ettercap attack tool sniffs the captured passwords and network traffic. AirCrack Wireless Password Cracking Tool: Aircrack is a very famous tool developed by Thomas d'Otreppe de Bouvette and used for cracking the passwords of wireless networks. This tool is basically used as 802.11 WPA-PSK and 802.11 WEP keys cracking tools across the world. Firstly, this tool captures the network packets and then it attempts to crack the password by analyzing those packets. This tool is considered as the most powerful tool. In this tool, a console interface is offered. It can be run on various operating systems such as Linux, FreeBSD, OS X, OpenBSD and Windows. It is free of cost and can be downloaded from the internet. Fern Wi-Fi Wireless Cracking Tool: Fern Wi-Fi Tool is also one of the best tools which are used for network security. It is used to identify real time network traffic and hosts. The purpose of development of this tool was to identify flaws in computer networks and then fixing them. This tool can run on Apple, Windows and Linux Operating system platforms. With the help of this tool, WEP/WPS/WPA keys can be cracked very easily. Since this tool is in active development, one can get updates of new features on regular free. This tool has free access for a very limited period i.e. for 7 days, after that user has to purchase it for some cost. WepAttack tool: WepAttack is an open source tool for Linux for cracking the 802.11 WEP keys. This tool works by performing an active dictionary attack by doing test on millions and millions of words to find the working key of the network. To work with WepAttack, only a working WLAN is required. This tool runs on the Linux operating system platform. The software is free of cost and licensed under the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version2 or any latest version. CloudCracker tool: CloudCracker tool is an online password cracking tool for hacking the password of WPA protected wi-fi networks. This tool is used for hacking the various password hashes. Working of the tool is very easy. One is require to upload the handshake file, enter the name of network and start the tool. The tool may contain large dictionary of around 300 million words for performing dictionary attacks. To access this tool, one has to visit its official website which is www.cloudcracker.com. There is no need to download any software to access the tool. So, it is one of the simpler and easier attack tool. Comparison of Wireless Security Cracking Tools: Wireshark Aircrack Ettercap Fern Wi-Fi cracking tool BTCrack Purpose This tool is used to see what is going on in network at a microscopic level. The purpose of the tool is to crack the password of wireless networks. The purpose of this tool is to analyze the network and for security auditing. In Fern Wifi Cracking tool, the purpose is to identify the real time network traffic and hosts. BTCrack is a Bluetooth pin and LINK-KEY cracker. Its purpose is to reconstruct the PIN and LINKEY with the data which is sniffed during a pairing exchange. Encryption Type SSL For Encryption OPN: no encryption, WEP: WEP Encryption, WPA or WPA2: WPA or WPA2 Encryption. SSL WPA No Encryption Authentication Type WEP, WPA/WPA2 SKA (shared key for WEP), or OPN (open for WEP). RSA WEP, WPA, WPA2 Calculated Pin is used to authenticate in a Pairing Mode. Data Integrity CRC32 checksum CRC32 checksum Checksums Not present Not present Conclusion: In this report, various attack tools and attacks on the wireless security networks were discussed. Attacks usually occur on 802.11 networks and Bluetooth devices. Because Bluetooth and 802.11 networks are being used so widely these days, therefore there are many various types of attack tools which exist for the Bluetooth and 802.11 networks. Confidentiality attacks are comprised of encryption cracking, sniffing and AP attacks. Integrity attacks are comprised of the attacks which occur on data when the data is used to be in transmission. These attack tools can easily be installed and there are many web pages or forums which act as tutorial to guide on how to use these tools. Many of them are multi-platform i.e. they can run on various operating systems. References: Roche, M. (2007). Wireless Hacking Tools. 1st ed. [ebook] .cse.wustl.edu. Available at: https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse571-07/ftp/wireless_hacking.pdf [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Chia, T. (2012). Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability: The three components of the CIA Triad Stack Exchange Security Blog. [online] Security.blogoverflow.com. Available at: https://security.blogoverflow.com/2012/08/confidentiality-integrity-availability-the-three-components-of-the-cia-triad/ [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Rensburg, J. and Irwin, B. (2006). WIRELESS SECURITY TOOLS. 1st ed. [ebook] citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.100.916rep=rep1type=pdf [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Sukhija, S. and Gupta, S. (2012). Wireless Network Security Protocols A Comparative Study. 1st ed. [ebook] International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. Available at: https://www.ijetae.com/files/Volume2Issue1/IJETAE_0112_61.pdf [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Sites.google.com. (n.d.). Confidentiality Attacks and Countermeasures - PCcare. [online] Available at: https://sites.google.com/a/pccare.vn/it/security-pages/confidentiality-attacks-and-countermeasures [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. InfoSec Resources. (2015). 13 Popular Wireless Hacking Tools - InfoSec Resources. [online] Available at: https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/13-popular-wireless-hacking-tools/ [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. InfoSec Resources. (2016). 20 Popular Wireless Hacking Tools [updated for 2016] - InfoSec Resources. [online] Available at: https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/20-popular-wireless-hacking-tools-updated-for-2016/ [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Chapple, M. (2008). Wireshark tutorial: How to sniff network traffic. [online] SearchSecurity. Available at: https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/tip/Wireshark-tutorial-How-to-sniff-network-traffic [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016].

Opera free essay sample

Opera, starting out the Baroque period, stemmed from Humanism in the Renaissance era. Opera went back to wanting to make people have a emotional response to the music they were listening to through the musical devices that they used to write the music. They were becoming obsessed again with the Greek style of music however, they wanted to make it better and so they came up with some of their own new developments for example, one device they used was the stile representative. This is Italian for representational style.Stile representative was a Tyler of singing similar to Italian monody that was then used in the very first operas. This style was used to move the plot of the opera along, it was not a full blown song however; it was more musical than normal speech. Musically the stile representative is a vocal line that gets to move freely over a basso continuo. We will write a custom essay sample on Opera or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This style eventually turns Into our modern day recitative. Stemming off of the stile representative is monody which Is Just one voice singing with some type of accompaniment. This seems to be the basis for most of these early operas.Stemming if of both of the previous practices is the stile recitative which is pretty much the exact same thing as the stile representative. The difference between these two styles is that the stile recitative was more imitating natural speech inflections with music where the stile representative was not. Another development was known as prima practical, Italian for first practice. This referred to the style of the past, the ears perfecta or Renaissance polyphony. The pair to that Is the seconds practical, Italian for second practice. This refers to the modern style of music that was used in the singings of opera.This practical was more dissonant than the prima practical and they used such terms to distinguish the two different styles. Credit for the seconds practical goes to Claudio Monteverdi who also wrote the first major opera. The Florentine Camera was a group of elite musicians who were all associated with the royals. The Camera got together In order to figure out how to make music better and more emotional than it already was. The Camera promoted monody because one of their members, Gorillas Mel, wrote a book about the music of ancient Greece.From their promotion of monody came the other styles I discussed in the beginning of the paper. This group also gave way to intermezzi which are little musical plays and this group wanted the text to be super understandable. This eventually led to the flirts opera. Artful really did not Like the new style that came about through the beginning of opera and decided to give Monteverdi a piece of his mind. He wrote a published work describing how he felt. In this work he calls Monteverdi incompetent because of how he was writing the music. Artist wanted to keep all the rules of the prima practical intact and thought that it did not get any better than that. He believed that if they were not written in the style of the renaissance composers then they do not have a the second practice were going to make fools of themselves. Artist also says that this compositions are written by ignorant people and that these composers are kept in a state of intellectual darkness. Monteverdi responds to Artists statement by saying that he can over ride the rules because the most important thing is the text ND the expression of said words.He says that it is written in that style on purpose and not out of ignorance. Monteverdi pretty much responds with the baroque philosophy of music and that the goal was, what the article called imitation Della natural or the imitation of reality. Which did end up a huge success and he continues on to give an example of the emotion he wanted and how he planned on getting it. The elements above are conveyed in the opera LOreal through the music. Also a little bit through the emotion on the faces of the singers and through some word notating a little bit.I think that the word painting is effective and also the style. You can tell for sure that it is in the seconds practical style. However, when Just hearing the opera I think the aria and the recitative become less effective I think to a person not musically trained. I think that if someone was Just listening to the opera they Mould not be able to tell the difference between the two section of the opera. The music we have been listening to up to this point in time has been very polyphonic and very constant not put on stage. The music of LOreal is monadic although it does have a few polyphonic parts. This music also has a lot more dissonance to better create the darker moods and the people can not only listen to what the music is trying to portray but can also see it on the stage and understand everything better. They do not have to guess as to what is going on. It is all laid out in front of them or sis versa they do not have to guess as to what the people on stage are trying to portray because they have the simple music lines underneath them singing.

Pearl Harbor The Causes and the Aftermath

Pearl Harbor The Causes and the Aftermath Introduction The Pearl Harbor massacre is one of the many historical events that will forever remain in the annals of history for its significance as far as war betweens nations is concerned. This is because, the events of the war are not only important to the American history, but to the world history, for global nations have a lot to learn from its effects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pearl Harbor: The Causes and the Aftermath specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the war between America and Japan has a lot of significance as concerns the world history primarily because, it gave World War II a great shift; a war that saw the destruction of many global communities. It is important to note here that, although previously before the Pearl Harbor attack there existed many wars between nations, the attack triggered U.S.’s anger, making it to engage itself fully in the war, a factor that contributed to the currently existing power equalities in the world (Rosenberg pp. 3-9). Many disagreements between leaders of these world â€Å"powerful† countries were major contributors to the onset of the war. The divisions were prevalent because of the discriminatory nature of opinions that different powerful countries shared. For example, in the struggle by these world powers to increases their wealth and areas of jurisdiction during the World War II, majority of them had to conquer areas they considered rich of resources they were missing in their countries. Such efforts to conquer specific regions demanded many power struggles whereby, the only way of winning was through joining pacts hence, the clear differentiations that existed between these word powers. Such differentiations led to the divided support that specific countries received where Japan was inclusive. For example, in its quest to fully rule China, Japan received a lot of opposition from America whereby, not only did Ame rica support China financially, but also it helped it improve its military prowess through provision of military aids. This in many ways triggered Japan and its affiliate counties’ anger leading to the planning of the attacks (National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior p.1). This paper will discuss concepts of the Pearl Harbor attack. In addition, it will discuss reasons behind the attacks and the attack’s aftermaths.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior p.1 Background Information The attack was on one of America’s biggest naval base in Hawaii, a factor that marked the turning point as far World War II was concerned. The invasion took place on 7th December, 1941, an attack that Japan wanted to use as a mechanism of wrecking America’s military prowess. Although to some extent Japan achieved its goals, it never anticipated that such an attack could lead to its total destruction. This is because, although Japan succeeded in destroying this American naval base, subsequent retaliations from America saw its destruction; both in terms of properties and numerous lives. In addition, effects from such retaliations by America are evident even today in Japan, although the nation has advanced itself technologically and industrially. Critical analysis of the attack on the harbor clearly show that, in many ways America was one of the greatest impediment to Japan, as it sought to expand its control of some Asian regions. Therefore, because America was such an obstacle, Japan thought that, the only way of making its dream come true is by wrecking America’s military prowess, with little know how that, its destruction was on the way. On the other hand, through the attacks, Japan thought that, it could wreck the American fleet patterns, a factor that could render it a cha nce of advancing its economic prospects by venturing into the Dutch East Indies and other Asian regions. This is because it considered the region rich of many resources, which were essential in terms of boosting its war prowess, when it came to dealing with the United Kingdom and America, for they were its primary antagonists. Causalities from such a vicious attack were more four thousand, with more than two thousand dead American citizens and less than one hundred Japanese citizens. It was such a big blow to the entire American community primarily because, not only did it result to massive destruction of military property, but also it led to numerous deaths that resulted due to later aftermaths of the war as it endeavored to vengeance (Wohlstetter pp. 3-19).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pearl Harbor: The Causes and the Aftermath specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, it is important to note that, to some extent America could have prevented such invasions had it established itself well. This is because, as research into the attack reveal, the American defense top organs had some know how on the awaiting tragedy, a fact that they failed to make sure its naval base in the Pearl Harbor was prepared for, incase Japan advanced such attacks. May be had the defense department communicated such impeding threats or likelihoods of attacks, the country could have avoided the blood shade that occurred during that period. In addition, it is also important to note that, Japan had organized well on how to launch the attacks, a factor that many attribute to America’s failure to defend itself. This is because, as America was busy engrossed in peace initiatives, Japan was preparing on breaking the talks and immediately launching the attacks without giving its antagonist a chance to organize itself (Mahar p.1). Reasons for the Attack In any conflict scenario, there has to exist many issues of co ntention among worrying communities, a fact that was not an exception in this war between America and Japan. In addition, it is important to note that, whether egocentric or for good gains, such wars result due to the need for one nation to dominate and rule over the other. This was the case in the Pearl Harbor attack, primarily because Japan wanted to outsmart America; a nation that was a great impediment towards its quest to overlook the Asian region, through enriching itself with ill acquired resources. As research studies suggest, the whole contention issue was as a result of a time concept and not the struggle to ensure international diplomacy reigns. That is, the existence of America is this region; Asia-Pacific, was not a subject of apprehension to Japan, but rather its main concern was to take over power as concerned the control of the region. It is important to note that, achievement of such expectations was one of the hardest things to achieve for Japan, because of the gre at powers that America had over this region (Rosenberg pp 35-45). On the other hand, the quest to control the Asia-Pacific region to some extent was cultural, because culturally Japan had one believe that is, it was mandatory for there to be a single ruler of the region; a plan they named â€Å"hakko ichiu† (Rymer Para. 2) Although many attribute such power controls as the main factor, which led to the attack, as Robinson (p.1) argues, to some extent, the whole war issue between America and Japan was historical. This is because prior to planning and executing of the attacks, there were many issues of contention between these two economic giants.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such war backdates to 1930’s, when there was global economic recession that saw Japan suffer economically, as America progressed. In addition, America looked down upon Japan, as militia controlled some of its regions leading to the overexploitation of the rich Manchuria region. To counter such failures in its control, and in obeying the desire to expand its economic resources, Japan launched such attacks on the harbor in an endeavor to bring down America. On the other hand, it is important to note that, Japanese aggression may have resulted due restriction that America imposed on Japan via commercial treaties prior to 1940, as concerned the provision of natural and industrial resources. Such restrictions came in full application after the prohibition of scrap iron materials exchange and aviation fuel supply. The fact that, Japan bonded with Italy and Germany in the tripartite deal, made its relationship with America to further deteriorate. This is because the signing of such an agreement was a clear indication of Japan supporting the European war, a war that America took sides. Apart from such historical injustices and sanctions that were great obstacles to Japan’s development, there were many power struggles between these two nations. For example, prior to the Pearl Harbor attacks, America denied Japan recognition as concerned its occupancy of China. To condemn Japan’s occupancy, America gave China support, both financially and in terms of military provisions hence, igniting more anger from Japan and its allies. On the other hand, to disapprove Japan, America imposed more sanctions, in addition to the early embargoes that it had mounted on the Japanese state. As a mechanism of eliminating such sanctions and a sign of not accepting defeat, Japan organized such attacks. In addition, to Japan, such attacks were necessary, because Japan considered America an oppressing nation, due to the fact that, it refused to acknowledge other nations occu pancy in other countries, where as itself had exploited Philippines as the Spanish-American conflict raged. To disapprove America’s power controls as concerned the invasion of other countries, Japan sought to devastate its naval convoy, primary in the pacific region, for it was an obstacle to such exploitations. By attacking the American base, Japan thought that, recovery from such impacts was to take time, a fact that could guarantee them a chance of invading the countries it wanted (Robinson p.1). In addition to breaking the American power controls, another reason behind the attacks was the endeavor by the Japanese to demoralize America as concerned its superiority when it came to wars. Japan to some extent, achieved this goal because in the onset of 1941, there was a raging debate on whether America should engage itself in warfare or not. This divided the American citizenry, a fact that made Japan to attack, for it thought that it could paralyze America hence, win the war of control over the pacific region. It is important to note here that, to some level Japan had made a wrong assumption because such attacks led to its later destruction, for it was the only means of ending the war between the two countries. Another main reason behind the war was the clear signs of discriminations that certain American rulers imposed on the Japanese citizenry. Such discriminations were clear in the Roosevelt’s administration, for many took him as a racist primarily against the Japanese citizens in America. From the onset of his reign, Roosevelt had a discriminatory liking of the Chinese and a disliking tendency on the Japanese; a fact that many researches attribute to the nature of gains he received from the Chinese nation. On the other hand, his discriminatory tendency was prevalent on the way he treated the Germans. This is because; Roosevelt’s ruling orientation was contrary to Adolph Hitler’s ruling orientation; dictatorship hence, his favori tism for the Europeans; primary Britain. In his ruling, foreign policies were of little significance, a factor that contributed to the decline in personal relations to other world rulers of that time more so Germany and Italy. For example, during Germany’s quest to take over Lebensraum, through amalgamation with Britain and France, they opposed such quests, a factor that increased these countries enmity, because these countries were close allies of Japan. This to some extent proves that, although majority of individuals blame Japan for the onset of the war, to some extent what America was doing is a clear indication that they wanted war. However, to avoid blame hence, look for an excuse for attacking Japan, America had to use any means that was at its disposal to trigger an attack from Japan. In this regard, it is important to note that, actions by America might have been one main triggering factors as far as the war was concerned (Higgs Para. 6-12). The Attack’s After maths Although Japan succeeded in wrecking the American naval base, its achievements were short lived. This is because, such attacked triggered America’s anger, hence the use of bombs to destroy many Japanese cities. The effects of such retaliations are prevalent even today in Japan as it endeavors to improve its infrastructural and industrial sector. As a response to Japanese attacks, America launched efforts to track Japanese shipper fleet, something that never succeeded at first because of the minute numbers of American naval support. Although this was a deterring factor, as concerned revenge efforts, America still was determined to destroy Japan. In many ways, the war gave many other nations courage of threatening America, a factor that made its revenge mission even harder. For example, because of the attack, which led to the destruction of the naval fleet, Germany and Italy started their own hostilities towards America, a fact that many attribute to many historical indif ferences between these countries (McGraw-Hill Companies p.1). Source: McGraw-Hill Companies p.1 To counter the number of forces that were against America, America reorganized its military system, something that commenced with the recruitment of more military personnel. It is important to note here that, failure by Japan to mangle the fuel deport and repair amenities, gave America an added advantage of re-organizing its efforts to retaliate. Although this was the case, it is also crucial to note that, subsequent attacks by Japan; second and third, were aimed at destroying the two important facilities. However, because of the anticipated dangers that were associated with such attacks; revenge from the American carriers, Japan stopped its second and third mission hence, giving America an added advantage. After the re-organization and success in the efforts to salvage the remaining ships after the attack, America started to launch its revenge mission on Japan. Such revenges were in for m of attacks the Japanese troops, something that never succeeded at first. Although this was the case, America continued in its quest to outsmart Japan hence, leading to its first victorious raid of 1942; the Doolittle attack. In many ways, this marked the onset of the many later raids that America instigated against Japan. To avoid problems that were associated with short-range bombers, it used long-range ones, although it failed to achieve its goals of salvaging such bombers if they landed in China. In addition, because of such failures, America lost many of its crewmembers, due to the massive deaths that occurred. Such attacks, led to more extended attacks from Japan on American territories for example the Midway Islands. Many losses resulted from such attacks, with Japan loosing four of its best carriers and a good number of its citizens. Suffering of innocent civilians was prevalent, a factor that was of less concern to these warring nations primarily because, their main concer n was to defeat each other (Martin p.1). As the war raged, America’s control increased, as it endeavored to control the pacific region through taking control of many areas in the pacific region. To some extent, such captures were of little significance primary because, such captured islands could not give a firm base of launching its attacks. To ensure they captured an island that could guarantee them a chance of dealing with Japan properly, America through its military strived to capture the Iwo Jima Island, something that caused the demise of many American soldiers. It is crucial to note here that, such loses were of little significance to America, because finally in 1945, America took control of the island. Capturing of the island saw the destruction of Japanese resources through vicious attacks from America, because at least they had a firm base of launching its attacks. Although this was the case, Japan also never surrendered something that prompted America to capture it s Okinawa Island. Such an achievement was not easy and painless on the America, because out of it America lost approximately twelve thousand lives (D’Amato p. 1). Such enormous causality numbers further ignited America’s anger, leading to the launching of the Atomic bombs against Japan. The first Japanese city to receive such attacks was Hiroshima, an incident that later happened in the city of Nagasaki. At this point Japan was defenseless hence, it had to surrender. Although this marked almost the termination point of this war, its termination opened another page as concerned the war among nations; World War II. This is because; many other nations for example the Soviet Union joined America in the quest to destroy Japan and its supporters. Conclusion In conclusion, the initial attack on the harbor and the aftermath retaliation by the America had many negative impacts than these countries had anticipated. This is because, apart from the massive deaths that resulted fro m such veracious attacks, its impacts are clear even today as concerns the health status of the Japanese citizenry. In addition, the countries wasted many resources in the war, a factor that they could have prevented did they take the peace negotiations seriously. Primary lessons that nations can learn from such a war include need for respect among nations, the need for negotiations when problems arise instead of extreme fights, and the importance of respecting human life. Although this is the case, it is a few nations, which have learnt for such an experience, because of the daily wars between different global communities. D’Amato, Paul. Pearl Harbor, internment, and Hiroshima: historical lessons. Third World Traveler. 2010. Web. thirdworldtraveler.com/Civil_Liberties/Pearl%20Harbor_Internment.html Higgs, Robert. How U.S. Economic Warfare Provoked Japan’s Attack on Pearl Harbor. The Independent Institute, 1 May. 2006. Web. independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=193 0 Mahar, Ted. The battle that ignited America. 2010. Web. aracnet.com/~histgaz/pearlharbor/7dec1941.html McGraw-Hill Companies. Aftermath. Glencoe. 2010. Web. glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/btt/pearl_harbor/aftermath.shtml Martin, James. Pearl Harbor’s place in History. Institute for Historical Review. 2010. Web. ihr.org/jhr/v16/v16n6p-2_Martin.html National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior. Arizona Project. 2010. Web. pastfoundation.org/Arizona/PearlHarborAttack.htm Robinson, Bruce. Pearl Harbor: a rude awakening. British Broadcasting Corporation, 5 Nov. 2009. Web. bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/pearl_harbour_01.shtml Rosenberg, Emily. A date will live: Pearl Harbor. Durham: Duke University Press, 2003. Web.15 March. 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=8QU164elOhUCdq=Pearl+Harbor:+why+Japan+attacked+the+United+Statesprintsec=frontcoversource=inhl=enei=FcCdS5ONJaH00gSwzJXDCgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=12ved=0CCoQ6AEwCw#v=onepageq=f=false Rymer, Eri c. Attack on Pearl Harbor: events leading to December 7, 1941 and the attack on Pearl Harbor. 2010. Web. historylink101.com/wwII_b-w/pearl_harbor/index.html Wohlstetter, Roberta. Pearl harbor warning and decision. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1962. Web. https://books.google.com/books?id=pO4JxYdXP04Cdq=Pearl+Harbor:how+the+United+States+react+backprintsec=frontcoversource=inhl=enei=m8GdS9OvOaf20gSNlbDDCgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=11ved=0CCYQ6AEwCg#v=onepageq=f=false

Internal assessment for International bacculaureate Essay

Internal assessment for International bacculaureate - Essay Example Megginson, William L., Robert C. Nash, and Matthias Randenborgh. "The financial and operating performance of newly privatized firms: An international empirical analysis." The Journal of Finance 49.2 (2012): 403-452. Introduction General Introduction Organizations within the contemporary environment continue to struggle in order to survive and grow amidst the increased competition. The reductions in the barriers to entrants have been a major factor contributing to increased competition (Altman 591). Classical firms continue to have significant problems in respect to competition despite the fact that they may be commanding high market share. As a result, such firms need to establish an evaluation and analysis into its performance in order to ascertain whether they can continue to survive or grow within the contemporary business environment. Hafeera Contracting Company is one such organization that has existed since 1968. The following is an analysis of Hafeera’s financial and ov erall performance in a bid to establish its survival and growth within the contemporary business environment. ... has been involved in undertaking specific projects that correspond to government industry, housing, road works, building, sewage and drainage, heavy civil construction, and construction of water supply networks amongst others. Indeed, Hafeera Contracting Company has been involved in many activities, which provide further room for both survival and growth within the construction industry. Findings The main question that this assessment and analysis aim at answering is â€Å"Can Hafeera Group continues to survive based on the current performance status?† In order to find the answers to this question, the assessment and analysis employed the use of financial data (Altman 591). The following are some of the findings from the assessments and analyses of financial data for Hafeera Contracting Company. The findings are categorized into the current financial information as well as the comparison of past financial information (2007 to 2010). It is important to understand a firm on the basis of its past performance whilst comparing with the present for the purposes of forecasting into the future. Latest Financial Performance Table 1: Latest Financial Performance 31 December 2011 Total Income $ 3,984,950 Total Expenses $ 3,059,556 Net Profit for the year $ 925,394 Total Equity $ 3,310,348 The above table shows or indicates the latest financial performance of information of the client. These data are useful in understanding the current performance of the firm hence provides a room or an opportunity of forecasting and making inferences about the future (Chadwell-Hatfield 101). The financial information provided in Table 1 can be used to generate various financial ratios, which may provide an understanding of the status and performance of Hafeera Contracting Company thus enhance in

U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM EVOLUTION Research Paper

U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM EVOLUTION - Research Paper Example Health insurance association define health insurances the coverage that provides payments benefits as a result of sickness or injury in summary they include accidental death and dismemberment, medical expense, disability expense and losses from accident (David, 1999). U.S is among the world industrialized countries it is however, a country without a national healthcare. The U.S citizens are still strangling to have a national healthcare. This call for the private sector, individual and the government to find a lasting solution to healthcare reform. During the genesis of 20th century, the medical care was relatively inexpensive; there were progressive attempts by reformers to protect workers against both wage loss and medical costs which was formulated at around 1915. Despite a general mood of complacency during the 1920’s, started to emphasize the illness cost instead of lost wages and advantage for sickness insurance, this was mainly done to the middle class due to the inadequacy of rural facilities (Edwin, 1998). Multiple changes were brought in by the great depression that ended in 20’s, the main historical changes that occurred was the enactment of the social security act in 1935. A Roosevelt administrations push to include health insurance was however, defeated by internal government conflict over priorities. After the depression, more severe cash flow was created for medical personal. This resulted to hospitals creating the first structured pooled financing mechanism for health insurance, which was against the advance of insurance professionals. Blue cross shield insurance company offered private coverage for hospital care in dozens of states. The cover was mainly originally limited to surgical procedures performed in the hospital however, later expanded to office visits lastly evolved into major medical coverage (Edwin, 1998). Simultaneously to the events, employers started to

Is Price the Only Factor That Determines a Buyers Decision Essay Example for Free

Is Price the Only Factor That Determines a Buyers Decision Essay When consuming products and services, customers pay attention to several factors to make sure that they have made a sensible decision. Perhaps, the very first thing to be taken into account, under some circumstances, is price. However, it should not always be the sole consideration for purchasing decisions. From my point of view, apart from price, there are other determinants that can have a strong impact on a buyer’s decision, namely quality, buyer psychology and commitments that a firm offers its customers. To begin with, it can be said for sure that for most wise consumers, the quality of products or services is remembered long whereas the price is soon forgotten. When people make up their mind to consume something, they definitely want it to be worthy of their money. To be more specific, they are willing to have their ideal products although their prices can, sometimes, be very costly simply because of their durability. Long-lasting products are preferable, especially for careful consumers who are always in pursuit of the stability of the products. From another context, in terms of buyer psychology, many customers are not afraid of high cost to own certain products since not only do the products serve their needs, but they also help them to express their fashion-consciousness and status. For example, fashionable clothes enjoy increasing demand from celebrities every year though the producers set high prices. In addition, pricing low does not always work, even it can be counter-productive because consumers may assume that the products are below normal standards or the firm is going bankruptcy, which may lead to the damage of the company’s image and prestige. Last but not least, commitments to customers that a producer makes are also of great importance. These commitments usually come along with guarantees or after-sales services. Customers may pay higher amount of money for the products, however, in exchange, they are certain that they can have substitutes or indemnities when problems associated with the products happen. In other word, regardless of high prices, consumers are satisfied because they are offered certainty. In these cases, prices are also not the matter. In general, price is a significant factor that affects buyer decisions, but it is not the only determinants. Wise customers always seek for perfection from the products or services; hence, price should only be one of the aspects to be considered.

The Psychology Behind the Serial Killer Essay -- Psychological Essays

The Psychology Behind the Serial Killer Creeping around the shadowy house, the predator found its prey waking to strange sounds. The victim lay facedown, with a sweating forehead pressed fearfully into the pillow, silently praying the noises would just go away. Suddenly the victim found himself straddled and pinned to the bed. He was unable to scream for help due to the pressure of the handle of a pick-axe against his throat, preventing any breath from escaping, much less any sound. The victim struggled beneath the weight of the assailant. The scant light from the sodium-arc street light outside cast a peculiar silhouette on the walls of the darkened room, projecting an image that looked oddly like that of a cowboy saddled upon a bucking bull at a rodeo. Struggling to dismount the attacker, the victim felt the piercing blows of the sharp point of the pickaxe, succumbing to death only after receiving eleven stab wounds to the chest and throat. The thrill of the kill was stimulating enough that, when interviewed later, the murderer reported â€Å"popping a nut,† that is, becoming so sexually aroused by the event, to the point of having an orgasm (Pearson, 1998). Does this sound like the heinous acts of Jeffrey Dahmer, Jack The Ripper, or Ted Bundy? How about the petite, pretty, fawnlike, Texas teen named Karla Faye Tucker? A woman? A killer? A sexual predator? Never before had such a thing been heard of, until Miss Tucker. Typically, when one thinks of serial killers, such images as Son of Sam, John Wayne Gacy, or the Boston Strangler, come to mind. Though these men do indeed fit the description, there are many myths and misconceptions surrounding the definition of serial killer, first and foremost that serial ... ...1998). Essential criminology. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Monahan, J. & Steadman, H. (1984). Crime and mental disorder: Research in brief. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Pearson, P. (1998). When she was bad: How and why women get away with murder. New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc. Redl, F. & Toch, H. (1979). The psychological approach to crime, in Toch, H. (Ed.). Psychology of Crime and Criminal Justice. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Redl, F. & Wineman, D. (1951). Children who hate. New York: Free Press. Ressler, R. K. & Shachtman, T. (1997). I have lived in the monster. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Severence, L., Goodman, J., & Loftus, E. (1992). Inferring the criminal mind: Toward a bridge between legal doctrine and psychological understanding. Journal Of Criminal Justice, 20. 107-120.

Sociology: Marx, Weber & Feminist Theory

1. Classical Marxist theories have served as a springboard of inspiration for a variety of contemporary theorists challenging the existing state of society and seeking social justice and a fair society. Consequently, feminist standpoint theories, theories that represent a specific disposition, align with common themes found throughout Marxist interpretations of society, with an emphasis on the development of individual schemas dependent upon the relationship between the individual and their economic and material conditions.Although the foundation of the separation of and disparities between classes is applicable in feminist standpoint theory, feminist theories contribute an entirely unorthodox dimension to the Eurocentric, masculinist dominated sociological discourse about oppression: gender. Marx’s theories of society developed around what he considered an unfair and unjust society in which two classes existed, determined by the coincidence of birth, which Marx coined the bou rgeois, the owners of the means of production, and the proletariat, the wage earning laborers who become alienated from their work due to social constraints.Marx believed in historical materialism and class struggle, demonstrating that the private ownership of the means of production enabled the bourgeois to maintain power over the larger, powerless proletariats who provided the labor for the means of production. As a repercussion of this disparity of power Marx concluded social and moral problems were inherent to a capitalist system, which forced competition and created unnecessary antagonisms, essentially isolating the proletariat in their social position for generations.Feminist standpoint theories corroborate the essence of Marx’s disposition regarding the injustice found in society, as it is acknowledged that there is a clear disparity of power in society among stratified groups of people. Yet instead of focusing on the owner of the means of production versus the wage la borers or proletariats, feminist standpoint theories extend the argument to include the dimension of gender and emphasize the necessity of including feminist experiences.According to feminist standpoint theories, the concrete experience of females and males is historically different, as they are required by society to play very different roles. Feminist theories build on Marx’s standpoint of experience based on social class and include the systematic oppression in a society that devalues women’s knowledge and experiences. One feminist standpoint theorist in particular demonstrated the subtle differences between standpoint theories and Marx’s theories on society.Patricia Hill Collins’ matrix of domination theory agrees that there is a top-down power struggle in society that forces and controls unwilling victims, yet also notes that an individual has the ability to be the oppressor, a member of an oppressed group or both simultaneously, citing gender and cl ass as variables of oppression. Collins continues to purport that it is the oppressed or subordinate individuals and groups in society who possess the most comprehensive social knowledge of power structures and their affects on these individuals and groups due to their social positions.Marx sought change in society and attempted to inspire a revolution amongst the proletariat, with an overthrow of the capitalist system. Collins seeks to understand the struggle with a more complex perspective, contributing the observation that people simultaneously experience and resist oppression, implying that there is more control in the hands of the oppressed than what was previously thought. Just as Marx challenged the capitalist system, feminist standpoint theory further challenges the existing male-biased conventional knowledge.In both theories there exists the implication that the experiences of individuals is shaped by their social position, and a hierarchy of power relations exists among th ose who have and those who have not, or the oppressor and the oppressed. However, although Marx’s theories on society and feminist standpoint theories share the emphasis on individual experience being shaped by social position, Marx focused on class from an economic standpoint while feminist theory added to the discussion of social injustice by incorporating a new dimension, gender.While Marx was more interested in social justice for the proletariat, feminist standpoint theory extended this social justice to include the day to day concrete experiences of females with respect to their different knowledge of the world, as well as various other subordinate groups whose perspectives are often left out of the discourse on society. In conclusion, the comprehensive discussion of class relations that has been ongoing for centuries has continued to evolve over time and space, xtending the concepts of social justice and a fair society to various subordinate groups. I support Marxâ€⠄¢s theories of society serving as a significant platform for the descending schools of thought to build off of, with shared goals of social justice and a fair society. The differences can be attributed to the historical context of the development of these theories, with the discourse of sociology seen as an ongoing continuum.Sociological implications are inspirational, as it has been seen that within the discussion of social justice subordinate groups are gaining attention and credibility, and I believe it can be concluded that because of this criticism of the existent state of society, society has begun to improve. With the emersion of Marxist inspired feminist standpoint theory in the middle of the 20th century, women’s experiences have been acknowledged and improved because of their visibility in academic discourse.I support the Marxist call for an examination of subordination in the existent social structure, accompanied by feminist standpoint theories that extend to inc lude all subordinate groups that struggle with societal constraints. 2. The structure of the critiques of science and knowledge provided by Foucault parallel the central concepts and arguments found in the feminist critiques of science and positivism, yet the focus of topics are differentiated along gender lines and the quest for the origins of truth, or the acceptance that truth itself is subjective.Both Foucault and feminist critiques share a common theme of mistrust of authoritative power, and the social injustice stemming from this authoritative power. As a post-positivist philosopher with an interest in power relations and the ability of power to dominate western culture, Foucault offers criticisms of science and knowledge rooted in the distrust he maintained for the developments of science representing improved reference and authority.Foucault emphasized the quest to discover the roots of truth values in the social context of science but rejected an account of science as ideol ogical and argued that the discourse of scientific knowledge is constraining of what scientists themselves can see, but more significantly is productive and enabling for the production and solving of problems, the construction of data, and therefore the production of new knowledge to be interpreted widely s valid, or universal truth. For post-modernists, such as Foucault, science is nothing more than an allegation derived from subjective orientations, or a social construction. Feminist theorists corroborate this belief and interpret the power and injustice stemming from science with a different sociological perspective, a female standpoint.Feminist theorists believe mainstream science is a product of a patriarchy, and despite being portrayed as universal, value-free and neutral in its pursuit of truth or knowledge deemed valuable for all, it is actually organized in a way that systematically oppresses and harms women based on their gender. Feminists believe that the production of kn owledge is a social activity, embedded in a certain culture and worldview, echoing the social construction of knowledge purported by Foucault.Feminist critics of science have noted that Western science, as it has developed since the Enlightenment, is determined by political, economic and social conditions, which are based on a patriarchal order. Feminists go on to note that women themselves were left out of the development of science, and as a consequence of being perceived as closer to nature than men with respect to their capacity for feelings and emotions, were ruled out as unfit for reasoning abilities.Foucault’s main concern throughout his lifetime of publications revolved around the relationship between power and knowledge, and how one affected the other. Citing Nietzsche’s considerations of a will to power motivating human behavior with the declining of traditional values losing power over society is built upon by Foucault’s further analysis of knowledge ceasing to be liberating and instead becoming a mode of surveillance, regulation, and discipline. Foucault also argued that power itself creates new objects of knowledge and accumulates new bodies of information.The feminist critiques on positivism shares common characteristics with Foucault’s critical theories of science and knowledge, as feminists tend to adopt an anti-positivist, anti-science position due largely to the male dominated social science research. Despite positivist views put forth by such classical theorists as Emile Durkheim, supporting the necessity of objectivity in research, feminist critiques argue for subjectivity. According to feminist critique, male social science researchers likeDurkheim claimed objectivity by citing non-involvement in social problems, enabling them to distance themselves from their human subjects of research and omitting their research goals, as well as claimed scientific truth for their theories by imitating quantitative methods of the natural sciences. In an effort to parallel the natural sciences with sociology, furthering the notion that science is in fact objective, Durkheim conducted a study on suicide and measured it using the scientific method and quantifiable observations.The feminist criticism notes the results of paralleling the natural sciences with sociology were often blatantly untrue and biased against women, with science and social science being manipulated to harm women, for example by neglecting to appropriate equal value of their experiences with that of their male counterparts. Most significantly, feminist critique argues the pursuit of objectivity in science and the pursuit of truth are impossible, and by pretending that they are possible the scientific community is deceiving the public.In conclusion, feminist critiques of science and positivism are directly paralleled with the concepts found in Foucault’s critiques of science and knowledge. In both instances, I support the arguments that center on the need to understand the ambiguity and cultural context of the notion of universal truth and for scientific and social research to be sensitive to the dangers of objectivity regarding such truth. I believe the scientific approach is useful but misguided as subjectivity is inherent in the search for truth and knowledge.These critiques have significant sociological implications as the existing state of male-centered scientific research is being challenged in a way that will be productive for the various sub-groups within society, particularly along gender lines. 3. The concept of modernity generally refers to a post-feudal historical period that is characterized by the move away from feudalism and toward capitalism, accompanied by all of the ripple effects initiated by capitalism, such as the industrialization and secularization of society that is maintained and controlled through extensive surveillance. Modernity ocuses on the affects that the rise of capitalism has had on social relations, and notes Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber as influential theorists commenting on this phenomenon. For the purposes of this assignment, I will be focusing on the concepts and analyses of Marx and Weber. Karl Marx is perhaps the first in a series of late 19th and early 20th century theorists who initiated the call for an empirical approach to social science, theorizing about the rise of modernity accompanied by the simultaneous decline in traditional societies and advocating for a change in the means of production in order to enable social justice.Marx’s analysis of modernity reveals his conceptualization of modern society as being dictated by the rapid advancement of productive forces of modern industry, and the corresponding relationships of production between the capitalist and the wage laborers. In addition, Marx also examined the concept of class interest, which seeks to further the life of capitalism as those individuals or groups who hav e power work to retain this power at the despair of the subordinate, socially powerless individuals and groups.The rapid advancement of major innovations after the Enlightenment period known as modernity stood in stark contrast to the incremental development of even the most complex pre-modern societies, which saw productive forces developing at a much slower pace, over hundreds or thousands of years as compared to modern times, with swift growth and change. This alarming contrast fascinated Marx who traced the spawning of modern capitalism in the Communist Manifesto, citing this record speed as the heat which generated the creation of the global division of labor and a greater variety of productive forces than anytime before.Ultimately, Marx’s approach is best known as an effort to come to terms with the unprecedentedly rapid development of the new capitalist world and the consequential development and adaptation of social constraints. Marx concluded that modernity was a soc ial construction of mankind, and as a creation of mankind, mankind could reverse it and with the public class-consciousness acknowledging this rule, revolution, followed by utopia, was inevitable. In contrast, Max Weber found that social life did not evolve according to his rule, and, unlike Marx, Weber did not anticipate a definitive end of modernity but instead viewed modernity and the outlook of mankind as an open query, with an answer impossible to predict. Weber’s disposition on modernity transformed modern society into a metaphorical iron cage. The iron cage represents society’s entanglement with the modern, mechanized transformation of society initially thought to be controllable, with the ability to detangle itself from the machines at any time, like a cloak that can be removed.Throughout history, however, Marx notes that this entanglement has become permanent and the individual has been locked in a cage by a modern society, with the implementation of more soci al control manifest in excessive bureaucracy. Karl Marx and Max Weber have made significant contributions to the field of sociology, and I support both theorists in their arguments. I believe that Marx was correct in regards to his conceptualization of the social structure being of man’s creation and therefore within the realm of change under the direction of man. However I believe that limitations exist in the idealistic nature of his utopian dream.Maintaining a utopian objective as the goal of social change exposes the inherently distorted analysis of sociological phenomenon, as there is neglect of examining social issues from a micro, day-to-day orientation essentially proving the existence of a Eurocentric male bias historically found within the study of sociology. I also agree with Weber’s connection between the Protestant work ethic and the consequent rise of capitalism as is found in his work The Protestant Work Ethic, which implicates religion as the engine tha t enabled the rapid development of capitalism.However I find limitations with the primacy placed on the influence of religion as the sole engine for capitalism†¦. Marx and Weber lived and worked in a distinctive scholarly moment in time, after theological persuasive power had declined and while sociological analysis maintained a fresh outlook on classical theories. During this moment in time Marx and Weber also experienced the rapid transformation of society dictated by modern forces, which would influence their focus and work.Marx and Weber, who’s work has been critiqued and contributed to by future theorists as society continues to rapidly transform into a fully mechanized, technologically dependent society, holds sociological implications in the theorists whose work has been influenced by their analysis of modernity. 4. The Marxist perspective on work and capitalism is paralleled in many ways with Max Weber’s perspective on these issues, with subtle differences stemming from the causation of capitalism.For Marx, the theory of historical materialism held that all human institutions, including religion, were based on economic foundations, with the implication that the economic foundations came first. In contrast, Weber’s The Protestant Ethic challenges this assertion and instead implicates a religious movement as responsible for fostering capitalism, yet doesn’t fully discount the theories of Marx. According to Marx, it is historical materialism that fuels the engine of society.Historical materialism examines the causes of developments and changes in human society in regards to the collective production of life necessities, with non-economic characteristics of society, such as religious ideologies, seen as a repercussion of its economic activity. The emphasis on material objects, or commodities, during the newly mechanized time period influenced the construction of a labor class that performed activities that were detached fro m their personal identities.As private ownership over the means of production reduces the role of the worker to that of a cog in a machine, as Marx astutely determined, the worker becomes an expendable object that performs routinzed tasks. For Marx, working simply for money, in essence seen as a means to an end, and neglecting the creative potential for labor itself was analogous to selling one’s soul. Weber, on the other hand, did not fully discount Marx’s theories but added to them and incidentally sparked a conversation that has become a historically significant and enduring sociological debate.Weber proposed that ideology fostered capitalism, in part resulting from the absence of assurances from religious authorities. Weber argued that Protestants began to look for other signs that they were saved, and, spurred on by Calvinist ideas of predestination, in which individuals identified their central duty to prove their salvation accompanied by the rejection of having too much wealth, capitalism prospered. Essentially self-confidence replaced the priestly assurance of God’s kindness, and a way for this self-confidence to anifest itself and be measured was with worldly success, and profit became a visible blessing from God that enabled followers to feel confidence that they were going to heaven. This enthusiasm toward achieving self-confidence through the production of profits encapsulates the Spirit of Capitalism, and it was within this spirit that capitalism flourished. Weber described a paradox regarding this Protestant work ethic.On the one hand, Protestants desperately sought the accumulation of worldly wealth in an attempt to give them self-confidence that God has chosen them and they will be granted salvation. However, on the other hand, Protestants were also deeply passionate about frivolous purchasing of luxuries being perceived as a sin, accompanied by complex limitations for extricating the money. In order to resolve this paradox the money was invested, giving life to the class distinctions along the lines of those who possess, and those who do not.Adam Smith paved the way for this phenomenon of investment and class divergence, citing the existence of those who work hard and those who do not, and that over time those who work hard and can be motivated will accumulate wealth. I applaud Weber’s theoretical surfacing of the irony of the Protestant work ethic, which views ideology as being composed of the need to be posthumously saved through their religion, and yet this motivational work ethic would inspire the distribution of excessive earnings to maintain their religious ideals, spawning and encouraging capitalism.Marxist perspectives are limited by the need for further examination of the causes and continuations of capitalism throughout the current state of society, particularly with respect to the rapid transformation and globalization of the economy. If further analysis reveals the causation of cap italism and the structure that continues to keep it running, then it may reveal implications that mankind can control the economic and social conditions of humanity. With the appropriate critiques of capitalism in a contemporary society there may be a potential for social justice. . Social action and interaction can be explained in a number of ways, and in the field of sociology exists two major theoretical orientations that aim to discover whether the hierarchy of influence between individuals and society is macro, with society influencing the individual, or micro, with the individual influencing society. Herbert Blumer’s interpretation of symbolic interactionism demonstrates the process of interaction from a micro perspective, demonstrated in the formation of meanings for individuals.As John Dewey influenced Blumer, Blumer believed human beings are best understood in relation to their environment and used this concept as inspiration for the study of human group life and con duct. Blumer outlines his micro theory of symbolic interactionsim with three central principles. The first principle, meaning, states that humans act toward people and things, based upon the meanings they have given to those people or things, and meaning is a central influence on human behavior. The second principle regards language as a means by which to negotiate through symbols.According to Blumer, it is by engaging in acts of speech with other individuals that humans come to identify meaning, enabling the development of discourse. The third and final principle is thought, which is based on language, and is a mental representation of conversation or dialogue, requiring role taking and imagining different points of view. Essentially, Blumer supported the micro perspective of individuals influencing society because he believed the language and meaning of language explains social action. In contrast, Talcott Parsons’ macro approach to social action and interaction reveals a d ifferent conclusion.Parsons developed the theory of functionalism, which serves as a framework that views society as a complex system, whose parts work together in order to promote stability and solidarity. Parsons’ approach views society with a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole, adopting a macro orientation to social action. Looking simultaneously at social structure and social functions, the theory of functionalism tackles society as a whole in terms of the functions that compose elements. These elements mostly include norms, traditions, customs and institutions.For example, it is like the human body; the individual parts work together for the functioning of the body as a whole. Functionalists such as Parsons support the notion that a social role is created due to the repetition of behaviors in interactions with the reinforcement of expectations. The role that is created is defined by Parsons as the regular, repetition of participation in co ncrete social interactions with specific role-partners. Eventually, Parsons’ concept of roles was formed into a collective definition that is functional as they assist society in servicing and satisfying its functional needs, enabling society to run smoothly.I support both Blumer’s micro level orientation as well as Parsons’ macro orientated theoretical arguments in that they acknowledge the capabilities of the individual and the adaptability of society, implicating a dialogue between the two entities. However I believe limitations exist in that both theorists place primacy of one orientation over the other, and as a result are neglecting a holistic approach. Research questions that have emerged from functionalist theories add new depth and dimension to the basic concept of functionalism.For instance, emergent theorists have inquired about functionalists’ tendency to see only the benefits of various institutional relationships brought to society, posing t he question of whether or not institutions can be oppressive and exploitative. Further emergent research questions address whether or not social institutions create social constraints, and controversially ponder why anything should change if it is already functional to society. Ultimately this discourse inspires sociological thought to continue developing and evolving over time. 6.Traditionally, theorists and theories that generally support one of two orientations have dominated the discipline of sociology. The first orientation is regarded as a macro-perspective, with an analysis of society focused on the larger overall structure of society, placing an emphasis on social systems and institutions, or structure, and the ensuing tendency for the structure to dominate the individual. The second orientation can be described as a zoomed in image of society, with a focus on the every day individual and group interactions, with the implication that the individual is being dominated by the structure of society.It is through these two distinct lenses that sociologists have contributed to the larger discourse regarding social justice and equality, yet the disconnect manifests in the perceptive cohesion of these two orientations. Contemporary sociologists, such as Anthony Giddens’ theory of structuration and the empowerment theory in feminist thought, have sparked a revolution in sociological thought with the unorthodox notion that the actor, or individual, and the agency, the structure, are in fact of equal primacy, and represent a duality rather than a hierarchy.In addition to bringing this connection to the surface of sociological discourse, many contemporary theorists’ theories are challenging the limitations of solely using one orientation in the effort to balance humanity’s understanding that individual’s posses the will to maintain social relations based on the comprehension of power, social reproduction, and institutional constraints. Giddens developed the theory of structuration, and, like many other contemporary theorists like Pierre Bourdieu, the theory supports the integration of macro and micro orientations.The structuration theory centers on the consensual duality of structure and agency, where the agent and the structure intersect, arguing that they are a dichotomy where one wouldn’t exist without the other. Giddens argues that the individual, or agency, is essentially responsible for their surroundings as they are reflexive and possess the ability to adapt to the ever-changing social structures and institutions, which also adapt to the individuals’ behavior, creating an ongoing dialogue between the two entities.The argument for a rejection of primacy between the agency and structure includes the objective of literal social change that can result from social scientific knowledge of society. Giddens continues to argue that it is the individuals’ motives that dictate the larger plan of a ction and the routinized practices determine what the action will manifest as. According to this logic Giddens proposes that individuals therefore have the ability to change their actions, which produce unintended and inevitable consequences, influencing future actions.Giddens critiques sociologists for placing too much emphasis on the constraints of social structure when he believes it is only through this activity of the individual agent that structure, or rules and resources, can exist at all. In fact, Giddens purports that a social structure or system is composed of a set of produced and reproduced relations between agents. It is this belief in the duality of agency and structure, as well as the desire to alter the discourse to ncorporate an integrated orientation rather than independent orientations, that Giddens has significantly contributed to the discussion and debate of macro and micro orientations, citing the inability for one to exist without the other. Despite criticism of structuration as inadequate, Giddens’ work continues to influence and inspire contemporary social thought.Feminist thought and the empowerment theory takes an additional step back from sociological discourse to evaluate the misconception of objectivity found in Eurocentric, male dominated standpoints and argue for the need to take a subjective perspective in order to achieve any social change. Additionally, feminist thought advocates for the integration of orientations to examine the individual’s experience as equivalent, or dualistic, with the social structure in which the individual plays an active role in shaping.It is also deemed necessary that the interrelationships between the individual, groups and society are examined from a subjective, integrated orientation in order to make the leap from social theory to social practice. According to feminist thought, by making the previously personal world of the individual political the barrier between the individual and society is broken down and lays the foundation for individuals to influence and experience social change.The empowerment theory suggests that production and maintenance of society is dependent upon the individuals who are socially considered undesirable, casting these occupations as invisible in society and, accompanied by a societal ideology that lacks public appreciation for these occupations, the undesirable individuals also believe their work is invisible, revealing the distortion of societal components. It is within feminist thought that the empowerment theory extends not only to women, but any subordinate, oppressed group or individual within the larger society.This emerging connection between the personal and political identity parallels Giddens’ support of integrating the macro and micro orientations in order to achieve any significant social change, and I support both approaches. I believe that with the integration of the orientations true social change can be achie ved, and that further examination of the intersection between agency and structure can enhance the limitations of past sociological thought. By creating and maintaining a boundary between these two worlds and rejecting the notion of a duality, a cognitive dissonance will continue to remain in the lives of oppressed and arginalized individuals without any hope for societal change. Contemporary sociologists must continue to transcend this boundary, accepting the inherent subjectivity found in any social science and focusing on fostering a productive sociological discourse with the goal of social justice. As Marx a stoutly stated in the mid-19th century, philosophers have only interpreted the world; the point, however, is to change it. 7. As the grand theory is considered the most abstract level of sociological theory, the initial intentions of such a theory are discussed in an abstract, idealistic way.Grand Theory, a term created by American sociologist C. Wright Mills, refers to the preference for formal organization and the arrangement of concepts over understanding the social world. The concept of an overarching, grand sociological theory can be applicable in an idealistic setting, where each diverse aspect of society is equitably dealt with and examined to formulate widely accepted conclusions about the world. However, the emphasis tends to focus on concepts that are generally disconnected from the concrete, every day realities of societal life.I believe that an adapted version of a grand theory in sociology is necessary to the extent that it has the ability to provide a structured framework in an otherwise incredibly complex social world. However, I also believe the grand theory should not be accepted as universal but instead should be considered a continuous work in progress that is added to over time as traditionally invisible issues continue to surface, creating multiple new dimensions of potential thought. Throughout sociological history the theoretical supporters and critics of a grand theory have been numerous.Karl Marx’s Historical Materialism, Anthony Giddens’ The Juggernaut of Modernity, and Talcott Parsons’ Actions Theory each offer various uses and perspectives of grand theory concepts. The evolution of the concept of a grand theory can be seen throughout these noteworthy theorists’ work. For example, Marx’s work with the grand theory of historical materialism put forth a streamlined argument that stated economic relations were the foundation of social structure, regardless of any other variable.Embedded in this theory is the idea of an overarching, universal definition of social structure contingent solely upon economic and material relations. This revolutionary idea may have been appropriate in the historical context of the theory, yet weaknesses in the universal concept of a grand theory appear in the absence of any other variable which undoubtedly impacted the social structure of Marxà ¢â‚¬â„¢s time.Anthony Giddens uses the concept of a grand theory to examine modernity, differentiating from the streamlined definition of society as purported by Marx by including a complex assortment of variables, which contribute to modernity. Giddens relates modernity to an overpowering force that transcends everything in its path with the implication that it is uncontrollable. Giddens also suggests that the overpowering force of modernity is dynamic, with the consequences of actions unforeseeable and uncontrollable, yet it manages to adjust based on reflexive actions, creating new societal problems in the process.Overall, Giddens’ interpretation of grand theory offers a more complex framework for analyzing society in modernity, yet it is left open ended as Giddens anticipates the creation of a new slew of issues that will plague society based on the adjustments made from previous issues. Talcott Parsons is credited with the continuing the quest toward the theoretical evol utionary development of structural functionalism and established what can be defined as a grand theory of action systems, despite the fact that Parsons himself declined to identify it as a grand theory.Parsons contributes to the discussion of grand theories in that he expanded the theory to consist of influence from various disciplines aside from sociology, including psychological, economical, political and religious components. Parsons also connected the concepts of motives as part of our actions, and determined that social science must take ends, purposes and ideals into consideration when creating a grand theory. Parsons attempted to integrate all of the social sciences within an overarching, grand theoretical framework that aimed to include aspects of both macro and micro orientations.Tracing the evolution of the concept of a grand theory reveals the irony rooted in the quest for such a grand theory, which is that despite attempts to create universal truths regarding society ind ependent of time and space, such independence is not possible. Marx, Giddens and Parsons each lived in their own, slightly different time periods and as a result one can observe the variations in their concepts of grand theories.I believe that the evolution of a grand theory is a continuous one with no particular end, because as Giddens suggested, the flexibility of society to adapt to societal issues in turn creates new societal issues, suggesting the permanence of such an analytical cycle. 8. Among Emile Durkheim’s plethora of contributions to sociological theory emerges an unorthodox, evolutionary approach, which considered society to be like an organism, distinguishing two central characteristics as structure and function. Durkheim’s contributions also include helping establish and define the field of sociology as an academic order.Durkheim expanded the limitations of the study of sociology when he argued that sociologists should study particular features of collec tive, or group, life. He suggested that society exists independently of the individuals in it, as societies influence individuals through established norms, sentiments, and social facts. Durkheim contributed the inquiry of study regarding modern society and its ability to remain cohesive despite the individualism and self-sufficiency of each person, as well as the study of social facts representing features of the group that cannot be examined independently of either the collective or the individual.Emile Durkheim’s writings are recognized for forming the foundation of functionalist thought, which remains among the oldest and most dominant theoretical perspectives in the study of sociology. The foundations of functionalism center on two categories: the individual organism and society being seen as analogous, and the examination of the objective social world with the application of the scientific method.Durkheim was one of the first sociologists to make use of scientific and s tatistical data to conduct sociological research, such as with his famous work Suicide, using real data to examine the phenomenon of suicide among religious groups. By incorporating the scientific method as a central method of research, Durkheim implicitly contributed the assertion that the social world can be studied in the same ways as the physical world. Regarding Durkheim’s relation to structuralism, he was concerned with the question of how particular societies are able to maintain stability internally and are capable of survival over time.Durkheim discussed structuralism in two variations, with the first referring to the pre-industrial societies that were structured on equivalent parts connected by shared values, and the second referring to more complex post-industrial societies that are connected through specialization and strong interdependence. The essence of Durkheim’s relation to structuralism and functionalism is the concept of the whole being greater than the sum of its parts, with society being greater than the individuals.Talcott Parsons offers a contemporary perspective on the concepts of structuralism and builds on Durkheim’s interpretation by discussing structuralism as a framework to examine society as a complex system whose parts work together in order to promote solidarity and stability. The focus on Parsons’ work is on the social structures that shape society as a whole, determining that each individual has a set of expectations based on other’s actions and reactions to that individual’s own behavior.Parsons also contributes the idea of the role, established through the repetition of behaviors and interactions dictated by social structure and that become recognized as normal. This concept of roles evolved into the groups of roles that harmonize each other and ultimately fulfill functions for society, in the sense that they assist society in operating and running smoothly. In conclusion, the concep ts put forth by the theories of functionalism and structuralism has had a significant impact on the study of sociology.Durkheim utilized the scientific method, and for this leap to a parallel with the natural sciences and hence more validity I am in support. However, Durkheim’s scientific method was perceived from an inherently Eurocentric male standpoint, and consequently produced misleading results. Emile Durkheim is ascribed with forming the foundation of thought in the functionalist orientation, and continued to attempt revolutions in sociological thought throughout his life’s work. Talcott Parsons is one of many contemporary theorists who have built upon Durkheim’s original theory y contributing contemporary rationalizations and have enhanced the sociological discussion regarding the macro evaluation of a modern functioning society. I support Parsons’ concept of social roles that are dictated on social expectations and are controlled by social struct ure, yet I find limitations in the neglect of an analysis of the social roles for subordinate individuals and groups, and without this analysis social justice will remain an idealistic theory. 9. The theoretical contributions and approaches of sociological theorists such as W.E. B. Du Bois and Patricia Hill Collins are significant in the conversation of sociological history as they take the unorthodox approach of delving into the perception of historically invisible issues regarding race and gender. For instance, Du Bois approaches the subject of race that centers on describing and explaining the actual, instead of theoretical, daily life conditions of African Americans, such as the threat of racially motivated violence like lynching, and the psychological damage of being separate but equal under Jim Crow laws.This brought a clearness of vision of specific phenomenon to the sociological conversation, with a focus on race, and an extension to any colored group that has experienced Eu rocentric imperialism. In regards to racism, Du Bois granted the primary responsibility of the social construction of racism on capitalism, and Du Bois was sympathetic to socialist causes throughout his work. Du Bois utilized deductive analysis, accompanied by empirical observation, to examine the experience of African Americans throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.Du Bois was primarily focused on variables that had been ignored by his sociological predecessors with particular attention paid to the intersection of race and class. He was interested in how the intersection of these variables contributes to broader cultural patterns dictating the stratification of individuals along lines of race and class and the shaping of individuals’ perceptions and experiences. Du Bois offers his conceptualization of race in comparing the variety of races around the world, with the U. S. housing two of the most extreme examples of race on the planet.As a result, the concept of the double c onsciousness exists, as African Americans may ask themselves on daily occasions what identity is truly theirs. For instance, one might ask, am I American or am I black? Can I be both? Does being black give me more of an obligation to assert my nationality than European immigrants would? Further, the double consciousness is the sense of â€Å"otherness† that prevents this uniform sense of self in accordance with the American image and produces a sense of two-ness, both American and black.In addition, Du Bois’ concept of the veil represents the distance that is felt socially between people of separate races, most significantly keeping the less dominant group, blacks, out of the dominant group’s, white, world. Patricia Hill Collins continues to build on the concepts highlighted by Du Bois’ work, and instead of extending his conversation about race and class Collins adopts an unconventional method of examining the intersection of race and gender.Collins empha sizes the specific experiences of black women as intersecting categories of oppression, with the goal of extending the discourse into other oppressed individuals and social groups. Collins’ theorizes that black women stand at the focal point where two historically powerful systems of oppression meet: gender and race, focusing on black women as outsiders within the larger, white male dominated society. According to Collins, by acknowledging this intersection of oppression, the possibility to see into other social injustices.Collins identifies three aspects of every day life in which black women are affected by and manage their race and definitions of identity in the greater American culture. These three aspects are known as safe spaces where black women are able to articulate their thoughts and feelings without the social pressure of mainstream society, which creates the double consciousness experienced by racial divide. The creation of the safe space is essential for the surv ival of oppressed groups, as they provide a unique place away from the ruling ideologies.For instance, one safe space for black women is in their relationships with each other. By empowering themselves in their own relationships, black women are able to help each other learn the knowledge to survive. Other safe spaces include black women’s blues traditions, followed by black female literature and poetry. Through these art forms, black women are able to approach the concepts of social injustice in a non-threatening manner.Collins also adds that groups must identify themselves, instead of letting other identify them. In conclusion, W. E. B. Du Bois and Patricia Hill Collins have made significant contributions to the sociological discussion of social injustice by forcing the issues of racial, class, and gender inequalities to the surface of social discourse. I find the work of Collins to be an extension of what Du Bois began, and I support the shared goal for both theorists in t heir quest for social justice for all subordinate groups.In fact, I believe that the combination of work from Du Bois and Collins epitomizes the essence of micro sociology, as they are able to articulate the invisible yet powerful social constraints that subordinate individuals and groups experience, and represents a transcendence of sociological thought above Eurocentric male standpoints. Their work has left deep impressions on current and future sociological theorists and essentially opened the door for the study of other socially oppressed groups.