Affordable Care Act The New Health Reform Law - 957 Words

The Affordable Care Act is the new health reform law that was signed into action on March 23, 2010. The Affordable Care Act attempts to reform the healthcare system by providing Americans with affordable health insurance. It helps put individuals, businesses, and families in control of their own healthcare. By the sound of it, it really looks like this is something that will positively impact the lives of Americans, and make it easier for individuals to obtain health insurance. Unfortunately, what many Americans are unaware of is that there are so many underlying issues that make the Affordable Care Act not so affordable. Issues such as penalties and taxes that certainly rack up the cost on individuals, businesses and even hospitals that make it difficult for people and businesses to be in â€Å"control† of their health care. The individual mandate is a â€Å"requirement stating that individuals have to obtain basic health insurance under the Affordable Care Act or pay a taxà ¢â‚¬ . The fee for not having health insurance increases drastically every single year. For example, if an individual went without health insurance in 2014, the cost was $95 per adult and $47.50 per child (up to $285 per family) or 1% of their household income above the tax return filing threshold for your filing status- whichever is greater. If an individual went without health insurance in 2015, the cost was $325 per adult and $162.50 per child ($975 per family) or 2% of their household income above the taxShow MoreRelatedHealthcare Crisis And Affordable Care Act1317 Words   |  6 PagesHealthcare Crisis Affordable Care Act During the 2008 presidential election, the issue of health care reform became a pressing issue, mainly among the Democrats. Supporters quoted that nearly 46 million Americans were uninsured while 25 million did not have sufficient health coverage. 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It also is working to curb the growth in healthcare spending in the U.S. which has been rising at an unsustainable rate. Obamacare was passed in the senate on December 24, 2009, and passed in the house on March 21, 2010. It was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010, and upheld in the supreme court on JuneRead MoreAffordable Care Act1414 Words   |  6 PagesPatient Protection and Affordable Care Act Yolanda Raqueno HCS/455 April 17, 2013 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The goal of this essay is to discuss the health care system in the United States. Another aim of this essay is to discuss the health policy, to improve, and to reduce inequalities. In the United States the private insurance system is a major provider of health care services, health care system is expensive and in many cases not efficient. This essay focusesRead MoreObama Essay930 Words   |  4 PagesLaw Identification The Affordable Health Care Act also known as Obamacare is a reform law that was enacted in March of 2010 by the 111th United States Congress that had begun the last two weeks of George W. Bush’s presidency. And what they did was have a legislative branch meeting in 2010 to discuss The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act that was eventually nicknamed Obamacare, that also included the Health Care and Reconciliation Act of 2010.This was an act that would ensure that all AmericansRead MoreA Comprehensive Overview Of The Affordable Care Act1713 Words   |  7 Pagespresident Barack Obama, signed into law on March 23, 2010 by President after long legislative debates, the Affordable Care Act s main purpose is to provide access to affordable and comprehensive health coverage to millions uninsured Americans who do not have coverage or adequate coverage, those who would be denied coverage under the previous insurance practice either base on pre-existing condition, gender or age, while controlling the cost of health care. (New York Time, October 26, 2014) The purpose

Computer Security and Forensics Tools Wireless Security

Question: Describe about the Report of Computer Security and Forensics Tools for Wireless Security. Answer: Executive Summary: This report about Wireless Security Cracking tools covers all the aspects related to it. The report covers various types of attacks related to wireless security such as Confidentiality attacks, Integrity attacks, Authentication attacks and Bluetooth attacks. There are some tools related to these attacks which have been explained separately in this report. In the end, various wireless security cracking tools have been compared. So, this report helps reader to get knowledge about various security cracking tools. Introduction: This report is an analysis of wireless attack tools which emphasize mainly on 802.11 networks and Bluetooth. In this four types of attacks are included which are Confidentiality, Integrity, Authentication and Bluetooth. Confidentiality attack tools emphasize on the type of data and known for cracking the encryption. Integrity attack tools mainly emphasize on the data which is in transmission and in this, frame insertion, main in the middle and replay attacks are included. Authentication attach tools emphasize on crackin the authenticity of the data i.e. cracking the passwords, crackin the keys and credentials. Last but not the least, Bluetooth attack tools focus on attackin the Bluetooth devices and attempt to steal the information from the device with the help of Bluetooth connection. So, various hacking and cracking tools used for these purposes are discussed in this report. The tools have been compared on the basis of its purposes, availability, encryption type, authentication typ e, and data integrity type. Wireless Security Cracking Tools: Usually, Wireless networks come with a great security such as Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) or Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). Wireless Security is must to ensure confidentiality, privacy, availability, authenticity and integrity of the data. There are some kinds of attack which attack on the security of wireless networks are as follows: Confidentiality Attacks: These are the types of attacks which attempt to intercept the confidential or private data over wireless networks. Integrity Attacks: These are the types of attacks which try to send fraudulent control, data frames so that recipient gets mislead. Authentication Attacks: These attacks are basically used by the intruders for stealing the identities and credentials of users so that they could access private networks. Bluetooth Attacks: Nowadays, attacks on Bluetooth are also emerging with growing popularity of Bluetooth devices. Bluetooth attacks are DoS, Bluesnarfing and Bump attack. In Bluetooth DoS attack, a device is involved which is not a part of piconet interrupting the existing piconet of other devices. Bluesnarfing is an attack in which an attacker might get unauthorized data with the help of Bluetooth Connection. In Bump attack, attacker sends a request to the victim for accepting the connection for data transfer like photos, calendar notice or contacts on a PDA. Once the data is sent, attacker does not close the connection i.e. keeps the connection open due to which attacker is allowed for requesting key regeneration even after the victim deletes the pairing between them. Once the attacker is done with key regeneration, he/she may be able to access all the services of victims device. To attacks on Security of Wireless Networks, some tools have been built up which try to crack the security of networks. Some of tools have been developed for compromising with 802.11 networks. Therefore, these kinds of tools are known as Wireless Security Cracking Tools. Wireless Security Cracking Tools have been categorized as follows: Confidentiality Cracking Tools: Eavesdropping is an attack to intercept the real-time private communication such as instant messages, phone calls, or videoconferences. Tool used for such attack is Wireshark which is used to display the network traffic of both wireless and wired networks. This tool is used to show the captured data in an easy way so that anyone could read and follow it easily. An encryption key cracker is a tool which is used to crack the encrypted information. There is a tool called AirSnort for WEP and AirCrack for WPA. Integrity Cracking Tools: Airpwn is a kind of wireless attack tool for packet injection of 802.11. File2air is also a similar type of tool but using this tool, user is allowed to specify an amount of injected packets. There is one more tool called as AirJack which is used to run the actual frame injection. Simple replay is an attack tool which allows for 802.11 packets which had been captured to be injected back into the network. Frame injection and frame relay attacks tools are the tools which attack directly on the integrity of data. Availability Attack Tools: Few of the availability tools are similar to those listed in the integrity attack tools because most of the attacks are similar in both availability and integrity. But there are some specific tools which are used to attack availability because few of the attacks on availability are different from that of integrity. FakeAP is one of the flooding attack tools which are used for generating thousands of 802.11. Bluetooth Attack tools: With the growing demands of Bluetooth devices, risk associated with Bluetooth i.e. attacks on Bluetooth are also growing. A BlueSmack tool is used for launching the ping of death attack on Bluetooth devices. This tool requests thousands of echoes from a Bluetooth devices and then the device gets unable to do anything only the echoes are returned which causes Denial of Service (DoS). BlueChop and BluePass are also attacks tools for DoS. BlueChop is used to interrupt the existed piconet. BluePass attack tool is used for creating Bluetooth packets so that buffer overflow attack is caused. Wireshark Tool: This tool is basically a confidentiality attack tool which is also known as Ethereal and considered as the most powerful tool in network analysis toolkit. It works as a network packet analyzer which is peered inside the network and used to analyze the details of traffic at various levels. This tool is free of cost. It is much easier to install this tool. It can run on various platforms such as Windows, Macintosh OS X, Unix/Linux or any other operating systems. Ettercap Attack Tool: Ettercap is a free and open source tool which is used to launch the Man-in-Middle Attacks. This tool is used for the analysis of network and security auditing. It is run on various operating system platforms such as Linux, Windows, Mac OS, and BSD. Ettercap attack tool sniffs the captured passwords and network traffic. AirCrack Wireless Password Cracking Tool: Aircrack is a very famous tool developed by Thomas d'Otreppe de Bouvette and used for cracking the passwords of wireless networks. This tool is basically used as 802.11 WPA-PSK and 802.11 WEP keys cracking tools across the world. Firstly, this tool captures the network packets and then it attempts to crack the password by analyzing those packets. This tool is considered as the most powerful tool. In this tool, a console interface is offered. It can be run on various operating systems such as Linux, FreeBSD, OS X, OpenBSD and Windows. It is free of cost and can be downloaded from the internet. Fern Wi-Fi Wireless Cracking Tool: Fern Wi-Fi Tool is also one of the best tools which are used for network security. It is used to identify real time network traffic and hosts. The purpose of development of this tool was to identify flaws in computer networks and then fixing them. This tool can run on Apple, Windows and Linux Operating system platforms. With the help of this tool, WEP/WPS/WPA keys can be cracked very easily. Since this tool is in active development, one can get updates of new features on regular free. This tool has free access for a very limited period i.e. for 7 days, after that user has to purchase it for some cost. WepAttack tool: WepAttack is an open source tool for Linux for cracking the 802.11 WEP keys. This tool works by performing an active dictionary attack by doing test on millions and millions of words to find the working key of the network. To work with WepAttack, only a working WLAN is required. This tool runs on the Linux operating system platform. The software is free of cost and licensed under the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version2 or any latest version. CloudCracker tool: CloudCracker tool is an online password cracking tool for hacking the password of WPA protected wi-fi networks. This tool is used for hacking the various password hashes. Working of the tool is very easy. One is require to upload the handshake file, enter the name of network and start the tool. The tool may contain large dictionary of around 300 million words for performing dictionary attacks. To access this tool, one has to visit its official website which is www.cloudcracker.com. There is no need to download any software to access the tool. So, it is one of the simpler and easier attack tool. Comparison of Wireless Security Cracking Tools: Wireshark Aircrack Ettercap Fern Wi-Fi cracking tool BTCrack Purpose This tool is used to see what is going on in network at a microscopic level. The purpose of the tool is to crack the password of wireless networks. The purpose of this tool is to analyze the network and for security auditing. In Fern Wifi Cracking tool, the purpose is to identify the real time network traffic and hosts. BTCrack is a Bluetooth pin and LINK-KEY cracker. Its purpose is to reconstruct the PIN and LINKEY with the data which is sniffed during a pairing exchange. Encryption Type SSL For Encryption OPN: no encryption, WEP: WEP Encryption, WPA or WPA2: WPA or WPA2 Encryption. SSL WPA No Encryption Authentication Type WEP, WPA/WPA2 SKA (shared key for WEP), or OPN (open for WEP). RSA WEP, WPA, WPA2 Calculated Pin is used to authenticate in a Pairing Mode. Data Integrity CRC32 checksum CRC32 checksum Checksums Not present Not present Conclusion: In this report, various attack tools and attacks on the wireless security networks were discussed. Attacks usually occur on 802.11 networks and Bluetooth devices. Because Bluetooth and 802.11 networks are being used so widely these days, therefore there are many various types of attack tools which exist for the Bluetooth and 802.11 networks. Confidentiality attacks are comprised of encryption cracking, sniffing and AP attacks. Integrity attacks are comprised of the attacks which occur on data when the data is used to be in transmission. These attack tools can easily be installed and there are many web pages or forums which act as tutorial to guide on how to use these tools. Many of them are multi-platform i.e. they can run on various operating systems. References: Roche, M. (2007). Wireless Hacking Tools. 1st ed. [ebook] .cse.wustl.edu. Available at: https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse571-07/ftp/wireless_hacking.pdf [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Chia, T. (2012). Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability: The three components of the CIA Triad Stack Exchange Security Blog. [online] Security.blogoverflow.com. Available at: https://security.blogoverflow.com/2012/08/confidentiality-integrity-availability-the-three-components-of-the-cia-triad/ [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Rensburg, J. and Irwin, B. (2006). WIRELESS SECURITY TOOLS. 1st ed. [ebook] citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.100.916rep=rep1type=pdf [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Sukhija, S. and Gupta, S. (2012). Wireless Network Security Protocols A Comparative Study. 1st ed. [ebook] International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. Available at: https://www.ijetae.com/files/Volume2Issue1/IJETAE_0112_61.pdf [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Sites.google.com. (n.d.). Confidentiality Attacks and Countermeasures - PCcare. [online] Available at: https://sites.google.com/a/pccare.vn/it/security-pages/confidentiality-attacks-and-countermeasures [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. InfoSec Resources. (2015). 13 Popular Wireless Hacking Tools - InfoSec Resources. [online] Available at: https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/13-popular-wireless-hacking-tools/ [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. InfoSec Resources. (2016). 20 Popular Wireless Hacking Tools [updated for 2016] - InfoSec Resources. [online] Available at: https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/20-popular-wireless-hacking-tools-updated-for-2016/ [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016]. Chapple, M. (2008). Wireshark tutorial: How to sniff network traffic. [online] SearchSecurity. Available at: https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/tip/Wireshark-tutorial-How-to-sniff-network-traffic [Accessed 10 Jul. 2016].

Opera free essay sample

Opera, starting out the Baroque period, stemmed from Humanism in the Renaissance era. Opera went back to wanting to make people have a emotional response to the music they were listening to through the musical devices that they used to write the music. They were becoming obsessed again with the Greek style of music however, they wanted to make it better and so they came up with some of their own new developments for example, one device they used was the stile representative. This is Italian for representational style.Stile representative was a Tyler of singing similar to Italian monody that was then used in the very first operas. This style was used to move the plot of the opera along, it was not a full blown song however; it was more musical than normal speech. Musically the stile representative is a vocal line that gets to move freely over a basso continuo. We will write a custom essay sample on Opera or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This style eventually turns Into our modern day recitative. Stemming off of the stile representative is monody which Is Just one voice singing with some type of accompaniment. This seems to be the basis for most of these early operas.Stemming if of both of the previous practices is the stile recitative which is pretty much the exact same thing as the stile representative. The difference between these two styles is that the stile recitative was more imitating natural speech inflections with music where the stile representative was not. Another development was known as prima practical, Italian for first practice. This referred to the style of the past, the ears perfecta or Renaissance polyphony. The pair to that Is the seconds practical, Italian for second practice. This refers to the modern style of music that was used in the singings of opera.This practical was more dissonant than the prima practical and they used such terms to distinguish the two different styles. Credit for the seconds practical goes to Claudio Monteverdi who also wrote the first major opera. The Florentine Camera was a group of elite musicians who were all associated with the royals. The Camera got together In order to figure out how to make music better and more emotional than it already was. The Camera promoted monody because one of their members, Gorillas Mel, wrote a book about the music of ancient Greece.From their promotion of monody came the other styles I discussed in the beginning of the paper. This group also gave way to intermezzi which are little musical plays and this group wanted the text to be super understandable. This eventually led to the flirts opera. Artful really did not Like the new style that came about through the beginning of opera and decided to give Monteverdi a piece of his mind. He wrote a published work describing how he felt. In this work he calls Monteverdi incompetent because of how he was writing the music. Artist wanted to keep all the rules of the prima practical intact and thought that it did not get any better than that. He believed that if they were not written in the style of the renaissance composers then they do not have a the second practice were going to make fools of themselves. Artist also says that this compositions are written by ignorant people and that these composers are kept in a state of intellectual darkness. Monteverdi responds to Artists statement by saying that he can over ride the rules because the most important thing is the text ND the expression of said words.He says that it is written in that style on purpose and not out of ignorance. Monteverdi pretty much responds with the baroque philosophy of music and that the goal was, what the article called imitation Della natural or the imitation of reality. Which did end up a huge success and he continues on to give an example of the emotion he wanted and how he planned on getting it. The elements above are conveyed in the opera LOreal through the music. Also a little bit through the emotion on the faces of the singers and through some word notating a little bit.I think that the word painting is effective and also the style. You can tell for sure that it is in the seconds practical style. However, when Just hearing the opera I think the aria and the recitative become less effective I think to a person not musically trained. I think that if someone was Just listening to the opera they Mould not be able to tell the difference between the two section of the opera. The music we have been listening to up to this point in time has been very polyphonic and very constant not put on stage. The music of LOreal is monadic although it does have a few polyphonic parts. This music also has a lot more dissonance to better create the darker moods and the people can not only listen to what the music is trying to portray but can also see it on the stage and understand everything better. They do not have to guess as to what is going on. It is all laid out in front of them or sis versa they do not have to guess as to what the people on stage are trying to portray because they have the simple music lines underneath them singing.

Pearl Harbor The Causes and the Aftermath

Pearl Harbor The Causes and the Aftermath Introduction The Pearl Harbor massacre is one of the many historical events that will forever remain in the annals of history for its significance as far as war betweens nations is concerned. This is because, the events of the war are not only important to the American history, but to the world history, for global nations have a lot to learn from its effects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pearl Harbor: The Causes and the Aftermath specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the war between America and Japan has a lot of significance as concerns the world history primarily because, it gave World War II a great shift; a war that saw the destruction of many global communities. It is important to note here that, although previously before the Pearl Harbor attack there existed many wars between nations, the attack triggered U.S.’s anger, making it to engage itself fully in the war, a factor that contributed to the currently existing power equalities in the world (Rosenberg pp. 3-9). Many disagreements between leaders of these world â€Å"powerful† countries were major contributors to the onset of the war. The divisions were prevalent because of the discriminatory nature of opinions that different powerful countries shared. For example, in the struggle by these world powers to increases their wealth and areas of jurisdiction during the World War II, majority of them had to conquer areas they considered rich of resources they were missing in their countries. Such efforts to conquer specific regions demanded many power struggles whereby, the only way of winning was through joining pacts hence, the clear differentiations that existed between these word powers. Such differentiations led to the divided support that specific countries received where Japan was inclusive. For example, in its quest to fully rule China, Japan received a lot of opposition from America whereby, not only did Ame rica support China financially, but also it helped it improve its military prowess through provision of military aids. This in many ways triggered Japan and its affiliate counties’ anger leading to the planning of the attacks (National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior p.1). This paper will discuss concepts of the Pearl Harbor attack. In addition, it will discuss reasons behind the attacks and the attack’s aftermaths.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior p.1 Background Information The attack was on one of America’s biggest naval base in Hawaii, a factor that marked the turning point as far World War II was concerned. The invasion took place on 7th December, 1941, an attack that Japan wanted to use as a mechanism of wrecking America’s military prowess. Although to some extent Japan achieved its goals, it never anticipated that such an attack could lead to its total destruction. This is because, although Japan succeeded in destroying this American naval base, subsequent retaliations from America saw its destruction; both in terms of properties and numerous lives. In addition, effects from such retaliations by America are evident even today in Japan, although the nation has advanced itself technologically and industrially. Critical analysis of the attack on the harbor clearly show that, in many ways America was one of the greatest impediment to Japan, as it sought to expand its control of some Asian regions. Therefore, because America was such an obstacle, Japan thought that, the only way of making its dream come true is by wrecking America’s military prowess, with little know how that, its destruction was on the way. On the other hand, through the attacks, Japan thought that, it could wreck the American fleet patterns, a factor that could render it a cha nce of advancing its economic prospects by venturing into the Dutch East Indies and other Asian regions. This is because it considered the region rich of many resources, which were essential in terms of boosting its war prowess, when it came to dealing with the United Kingdom and America, for they were its primary antagonists. Causalities from such a vicious attack were more four thousand, with more than two thousand dead American citizens and less than one hundred Japanese citizens. It was such a big blow to the entire American community primarily because, not only did it result to massive destruction of military property, but also it led to numerous deaths that resulted due to later aftermaths of the war as it endeavored to vengeance (Wohlstetter pp. 3-19).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pearl Harbor: The Causes and the Aftermath specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, it is important to note that, to some extent America could have prevented such invasions had it established itself well. This is because, as research into the attack reveal, the American defense top organs had some know how on the awaiting tragedy, a fact that they failed to make sure its naval base in the Pearl Harbor was prepared for, incase Japan advanced such attacks. May be had the defense department communicated such impeding threats or likelihoods of attacks, the country could have avoided the blood shade that occurred during that period. In addition, it is also important to note that, Japan had organized well on how to launch the attacks, a factor that many attribute to America’s failure to defend itself. This is because, as America was busy engrossed in peace initiatives, Japan was preparing on breaking the talks and immediately launching the attacks without giving its antagonist a chance to organize itself (Mahar p.1). Reasons for the Attack In any conflict scenario, there has to exist many issues of co ntention among worrying communities, a fact that was not an exception in this war between America and Japan. In addition, it is important to note that, whether egocentric or for good gains, such wars result due to the need for one nation to dominate and rule over the other. This was the case in the Pearl Harbor attack, primarily because Japan wanted to outsmart America; a nation that was a great impediment towards its quest to overlook the Asian region, through enriching itself with ill acquired resources. As research studies suggest, the whole contention issue was as a result of a time concept and not the struggle to ensure international diplomacy reigns. That is, the existence of America is this region; Asia-Pacific, was not a subject of apprehension to Japan, but rather its main concern was to take over power as concerned the control of the region. It is important to note that, achievement of such expectations was one of the hardest things to achieve for Japan, because of the gre at powers that America had over this region (Rosenberg pp 35-45). On the other hand, the quest to control the Asia-Pacific region to some extent was cultural, because culturally Japan had one believe that is, it was mandatory for there to be a single ruler of the region; a plan they named â€Å"hakko ichiu† (Rymer Para. 2) Although many attribute such power controls as the main factor, which led to the attack, as Robinson (p.1) argues, to some extent, the whole war issue between America and Japan was historical. This is because prior to planning and executing of the attacks, there were many issues of contention between these two economic giants.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such war backdates to 1930’s, when there was global economic recession that saw Japan suffer economically, as America progressed. In addition, America looked down upon Japan, as militia controlled some of its regions leading to the overexploitation of the rich Manchuria region. To counter such failures in its control, and in obeying the desire to expand its economic resources, Japan launched such attacks on the harbor in an endeavor to bring down America. On the other hand, it is important to note that, Japanese aggression may have resulted due restriction that America imposed on Japan via commercial treaties prior to 1940, as concerned the provision of natural and industrial resources. Such restrictions came in full application after the prohibition of scrap iron materials exchange and aviation fuel supply. The fact that, Japan bonded with Italy and Germany in the tripartite deal, made its relationship with America to further deteriorate. This is because the signing of such an agreement was a clear indication of Japan supporting the European war, a war that America took sides. Apart from such historical injustices and sanctions that were great obstacles to Japan’s development, there were many power struggles between these two nations. For example, prior to the Pearl Harbor attacks, America denied Japan recognition as concerned its occupancy of China. To condemn Japan’s occupancy, America gave China support, both financially and in terms of military provisions hence, igniting more anger from Japan and its allies. On the other hand, to disapprove Japan, America imposed more sanctions, in addition to the early embargoes that it had mounted on the Japanese state. As a mechanism of eliminating such sanctions and a sign of not accepting defeat, Japan organized such attacks. In addition, to Japan, such attacks were necessary, because Japan considered America an oppressing nation, due to the fact that, it refused to acknowledge other nations occu pancy in other countries, where as itself had exploited Philippines as the Spanish-American conflict raged. To disapprove America’s power controls as concerned the invasion of other countries, Japan sought to devastate its naval convoy, primary in the pacific region, for it was an obstacle to such exploitations. By attacking the American base, Japan thought that, recovery from such impacts was to take time, a fact that could guarantee them a chance of invading the countries it wanted (Robinson p.1). In addition to breaking the American power controls, another reason behind the attacks was the endeavor by the Japanese to demoralize America as concerned its superiority when it came to wars. Japan to some extent, achieved this goal because in the onset of 1941, there was a raging debate on whether America should engage itself in warfare or not. This divided the American citizenry, a fact that made Japan to attack, for it thought that it could paralyze America hence, win the war of control over the pacific region. It is important to note here that, to some level Japan had made a wrong assumption because such attacks led to its later destruction, for it was the only means of ending the war between the two countries. Another main reason behind the war was the clear signs of discriminations that certain American rulers imposed on the Japanese citizenry. Such discriminations were clear in the Roosevelt’s administration, for many took him as a racist primarily against the Japanese citizens in America. From the onset of his reign, Roosevelt had a discriminatory liking of the Chinese and a disliking tendency on the Japanese; a fact that many researches attribute to the nature of gains he received from the Chinese nation. On the other hand, his discriminatory tendency was prevalent on the way he treated the Germans. This is because; Roosevelt’s ruling orientation was contrary to Adolph Hitler’s ruling orientation; dictatorship hence, his favori tism for the Europeans; primary Britain. In his ruling, foreign policies were of little significance, a factor that contributed to the decline in personal relations to other world rulers of that time more so Germany and Italy. For example, during Germany’s quest to take over Lebensraum, through amalgamation with Britain and France, they opposed such quests, a factor that increased these countries enmity, because these countries were close allies of Japan. This to some extent proves that, although majority of individuals blame Japan for the onset of the war, to some extent what America was doing is a clear indication that they wanted war. However, to avoid blame hence, look for an excuse for attacking Japan, America had to use any means that was at its disposal to trigger an attack from Japan. In this regard, it is important to note that, actions by America might have been one main triggering factors as far as the war was concerned (Higgs Para. 6-12). The Attack’s After maths Although Japan succeeded in wrecking the American naval base, its achievements were short lived. This is because, such attacked triggered America’s anger, hence the use of bombs to destroy many Japanese cities. The effects of such retaliations are prevalent even today in Japan as it endeavors to improve its infrastructural and industrial sector. As a response to Japanese attacks, America launched efforts to track Japanese shipper fleet, something that never succeeded at first because of the minute numbers of American naval support. Although this was a deterring factor, as concerned revenge efforts, America still was determined to destroy Japan. In many ways, the war gave many other nations courage of threatening America, a factor that made its revenge mission even harder. For example, because of the attack, which led to the destruction of the naval fleet, Germany and Italy started their own hostilities towards America, a fact that many attribute to many historical indif ferences between these countries (McGraw-Hill Companies p.1). Source: McGraw-Hill Companies p.1 To counter the number of forces that were against America, America reorganized its military system, something that commenced with the recruitment of more military personnel. It is important to note here that, failure by Japan to mangle the fuel deport and repair amenities, gave America an added advantage of re-organizing its efforts to retaliate. Although this was the case, it is also crucial to note that, subsequent attacks by Japan; second and third, were aimed at destroying the two important facilities. However, because of the anticipated dangers that were associated with such attacks; revenge from the American carriers, Japan stopped its second and third mission hence, giving America an added advantage. After the re-organization and success in the efforts to salvage the remaining ships after the attack, America started to launch its revenge mission on Japan. Such revenges were in for m of attacks the Japanese troops, something that never succeeded at first. Although this was the case, America continued in its quest to outsmart Japan hence, leading to its first victorious raid of 1942; the Doolittle attack. In many ways, this marked the onset of the many later raids that America instigated against Japan. To avoid problems that were associated with short-range bombers, it used long-range ones, although it failed to achieve its goals of salvaging such bombers if they landed in China. In addition, because of such failures, America lost many of its crewmembers, due to the massive deaths that occurred. Such attacks, led to more extended attacks from Japan on American territories for example the Midway Islands. Many losses resulted from such attacks, with Japan loosing four of its best carriers and a good number of its citizens. Suffering of innocent civilians was prevalent, a factor that was of less concern to these warring nations primarily because, their main concer n was to defeat each other (Martin p.1). As the war raged, America’s control increased, as it endeavored to control the pacific region through taking control of many areas in the pacific region. To some extent, such captures were of little significance primary because, such captured islands could not give a firm base of launching its attacks. To ensure they captured an island that could guarantee them a chance of dealing with Japan properly, America through its military strived to capture the Iwo Jima Island, something that caused the demise of many American soldiers. It is crucial to note here that, such loses were of little significance to America, because finally in 1945, America took control of the island. Capturing of the island saw the destruction of Japanese resources through vicious attacks from America, because at least they had a firm base of launching its attacks. Although this was the case, Japan also never surrendered something that prompted America to capture it s Okinawa Island. Such an achievement was not easy and painless on the America, because out of it America lost approximately twelve thousand lives (D’Amato p. 1). Such enormous causality numbers further ignited America’s anger, leading to the launching of the Atomic bombs against Japan. The first Japanese city to receive such attacks was Hiroshima, an incident that later happened in the city of Nagasaki. At this point Japan was defenseless hence, it had to surrender. Although this marked almost the termination point of this war, its termination opened another page as concerned the war among nations; World War II. This is because; many other nations for example the Soviet Union joined America in the quest to destroy Japan and its supporters. Conclusion In conclusion, the initial attack on the harbor and the aftermath retaliation by the America had many negative impacts than these countries had anticipated. This is because, apart from the massive deaths that resulted fro m such veracious attacks, its impacts are clear even today as concerns the health status of the Japanese citizenry. In addition, the countries wasted many resources in the war, a factor that they could have prevented did they take the peace negotiations seriously. Primary lessons that nations can learn from such a war include need for respect among nations, the need for negotiations when problems arise instead of extreme fights, and the importance of respecting human life. Although this is the case, it is a few nations, which have learnt for such an experience, because of the daily wars between different global communities. D’Amato, Paul. Pearl Harbor, internment, and Hiroshima: historical lessons. Third World Traveler. 2010. Web. thirdworldtraveler.com/Civil_Liberties/Pearl%20Harbor_Internment.html Higgs, Robert. How U.S. Economic Warfare Provoked Japan’s Attack on Pearl Harbor. The Independent Institute, 1 May. 2006. Web. independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=193 0 Mahar, Ted. The battle that ignited America. 2010. Web. aracnet.com/~histgaz/pearlharbor/7dec1941.html McGraw-Hill Companies. Aftermath. Glencoe. 2010. Web. glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/btt/pearl_harbor/aftermath.shtml Martin, James. Pearl Harbor’s place in History. Institute for Historical Review. 2010. Web. ihr.org/jhr/v16/v16n6p-2_Martin.html National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior. Arizona Project. 2010. Web. pastfoundation.org/Arizona/PearlHarborAttack.htm Robinson, Bruce. Pearl Harbor: a rude awakening. British Broadcasting Corporation, 5 Nov. 2009. Web. bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/pearl_harbour_01.shtml Rosenberg, Emily. A date will live: Pearl Harbor. Durham: Duke University Press, 2003. Web.15 March. 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=8QU164elOhUCdq=Pearl+Harbor:+why+Japan+attacked+the+United+Statesprintsec=frontcoversource=inhl=enei=FcCdS5ONJaH00gSwzJXDCgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=12ved=0CCoQ6AEwCw#v=onepageq=f=false Rymer, Eri c. Attack on Pearl Harbor: events leading to December 7, 1941 and the attack on Pearl Harbor. 2010. Web. historylink101.com/wwII_b-w/pearl_harbor/index.html Wohlstetter, Roberta. Pearl harbor warning and decision. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1962. Web. https://books.google.com/books?id=pO4JxYdXP04Cdq=Pearl+Harbor:how+the+United+States+react+backprintsec=frontcoversource=inhl=enei=m8GdS9OvOaf20gSNlbDDCgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=11ved=0CCYQ6AEwCg#v=onepageq=f=false

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U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM EVOLUTION - Research Paper Example Health insurance association define health insurances the coverage that provides payments benefits as a result of sickness or injury in summary they include accidental death and dismemberment, medical expense, disability expense and losses from accident (David, 1999). U.S is among the world industrialized countries it is however, a country without a national healthcare. The U.S citizens are still strangling to have a national healthcare. This call for the private sector, individual and the government to find a lasting solution to healthcare reform. During the genesis of 20th century, the medical care was relatively inexpensive; there were progressive attempts by reformers to protect workers against both wage loss and medical costs which was formulated at around 1915. Despite a general mood of complacency during the 1920’s, started to emphasize the illness cost instead of lost wages and advantage for sickness insurance, this was mainly done to the middle class due to the inadequacy of rural facilities (Edwin, 1998). Multiple changes were brought in by the great depression that ended in 20’s, the main historical changes that occurred was the enactment of the social security act in 1935. A Roosevelt administrations push to include health insurance was however, defeated by internal government conflict over priorities. After the depression, more severe cash flow was created for medical personal. This resulted to hospitals creating the first structured pooled financing mechanism for health insurance, which was against the advance of insurance professionals. Blue cross shield insurance company offered private coverage for hospital care in dozens of states. The cover was mainly originally limited to surgical procedures performed in the hospital however, later expanded to office visits lastly evolved into major medical coverage (Edwin, 1998). Simultaneously to the events, employers started to

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