Assessment of Plants for Anti Asthmatic Drugs

Assessment of Plants for Anti Asthmatic DrugsIntroductionAsthma is a respiratory inflammatory disease characterized by narrowing of bronchial airway. There are changes in aim of cytokines, eosinophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, and other inflammatory cell products. As high level of IgE binds to mast cell sensory receptors, it interacts with antigen, resulting in inflammatory reactions, like the release of mediators (prostaglandins, histamines, and leukotrienes). Hence, bronchoconstriction is triggered. Asthma affects 300 million people across the world and an estimate of a advance 100 million will suffer by 2025 (Taur D.J. and Patil R.Y., 2011).Now, there are more and more asthma patients and research teams looking for ingrained or completing alternatives to treat asthma. This is because the modern asthma therapy has caused many adverse resultants. The natural hold used to treat asthma should have immunomodulatory, smooth-muscle relaxants, antihistamine, anti-inflammatory and supersensitized activity. In the Ayurveda context, an anti-asthmatic plant medicate should have anti-kapha and anti-vata properties (Taur D.J. and Patil R.Y., 2011).Countless natural plants are used as the natural source for anti-asthmatic drugs. After intense research, a particular molecule with straightforward therapeutic properties is identified and extracted from the plants. Then, the molecule will undergo many modifications in the laboratories, be produced in large scale manufacture, put into various dosage forms and marketed to the public. The examples of much(prenominal) plant drugs are Aerva lanta Linn (Amaranthaceae), Cnidium monnieri (Umbelliferae), Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae), Mentha spicata L, and Olea europea (Oleaceae) (Taur D.J. and Patil R.Y., 2011).Selection of 4 plant drugs4 drugs are being selected for their anti-asthmatic propertiesQuercetinEphedrineCromolyn sodiumTheophyllineDrug mobPlant sourcePropertiesQuercetin(Yikrazuul, 2008)FlavonolCaperQuercetin p otentiates receptor stimulation via phosphodiesterase inhibition of PDE4 and PLC. This relaxes airway muscles (Drug Bank, 2014).It is also an effective bronchodilator and it prevents release of histamine and other inflammatory chemical substances (Drug Bank, 2014a).Ephedrine(NEUROtiker, 2008)Sympathomimetic amineMa HuangAs a bronchodilator and decongestant, ephedrine is a potent sympathomimetic that stimulates and receptors. It reduces swelling and vasoconstriction in lung airways. As your airway widens, you crapper breathe more easily (RxList, 2009).Cromolyn Sodium(Fvasconcellos, 2009)Chromone hardKhellinCromolyn sodium inhibits mast cell degranulation, hence there is no release of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Type I hypersensitivity is ceased.Be places, cromolyn sodium may inhibit leukotriene release and calcium foundation (Drug Bank, 2014b).Theophylline(Fuse809, 2014)MethylxanthineCacao treeandcocoa treeTheophylline relaxes bronchial smooth muscles and reduces their responsiveness to allergen and histamine.It inhibits type III and type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE) which break downs cAMP, resulting in bronchodilation.It also blocks adenosine A2B receptor and subsequently, bronchoconstriction. Histone deacetylase is activated to prevent inflammatory gene transcription (Drug Bank, 2014c).Table 1 Drug, its category, plant source and properties.PlantBiological sourceChemical constituentsFamilyScientific namePictureCaperbark,bud,leavesRutin(Quercetin 3-Rutinoside),Quercetin 7-Rutinoside,Quercetin 3-Glucoside-7-Rhamnoside,Kaempferol-3-Rutinoside,Kaempferol-3-Glucoside, AndKaempferol-3-Rhamnorutinoside (Winter R, 1978).CapparaceaeCapparis spinosa(Thom O. W., 1885)Ma HuangStemEphedrine, pseudoephrineEphedraceaeEphedra sinica, Ephedra intermedia, Ephedra equisetina, Ephedra distacha, Ephedra trifurca(Climbjm, 2000)KhellinSeeds, fruits1% of Khellin and 0.3% of visnagin are found in fruits (Drugs.com, 2009).ApiaceaeAmmi visnaga(Sipler D, 20 04)Cacao treeandcocoa treeSeedsThe seeds contain about 2% of theobromine and 40-60% of solid fat (Grieve M, 2014).MalvaceaeTheobroma cacao(Luisovalles, 2007)Table 2 Biological source, chemical constituent, family and scientific name of each plant.Different methods of testThe following two screening methods are done to uncover the chemical properties and effects of usage of drug quercetin. method acting 1 is about using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) to extract rutin out of plant extracts based on its chemical properties. Method 2 is the involvement of guinea pigs to compare anti-asthmatic effect of quercetin with other drugs like cromolyn sodium. masking piece 1 Bronchoprotective activity in mice against various mediators.Mice were overt to either 4% w/v acetycholine bromide in 5% NaHPO or 5% egg-albumin or 2% w/v histamine dihydrochloride aerosol in histamine chamber under constant pressure. Bronchospasm was then induced. The mice showed progressive dyspnea. The end point of PCD (pre-convulsive dyspnea) was identified from the time of exposure to the onset of dyspnea, leading to convulsion. When PCD started, the mice were removed from the chamber and be exposed to the fresh air for recovery (Bahekar R.H. et al., 2000).After 2 days, the mice were given different test drugs. The time for onset of PCD was measured against that induced by acetycholine bromide, egg-albumin or histamine dihydrochloride aerosol. The bronchoprotective effect of each drugs was calculated using the following formula (Bahekar R.H. et al., 2000)T was a mean of control PCD time.T was a PCD time after drug treatment.Screening 2 Quercetin inhalation inhibits the asthmatic responses by exposure to aerosolized-ovalbumin in conscious guinea-pigs.Guinea pigs were actively sensitized with aerosolized-ovalbumin (AOA) (2w/v% in saline, inhalation for 3 min) in the double-chambered plethysmograph, triggering immediate (IAR), late phase (LAR) and la te late phase (LLAR) asthmatic response. A doubling in skin thickness means a triumph in sensitization. Recruitment of histamine, leukocytes, and protein contents, specific airway resistance (sRaw), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured. After that, the guinea pigs were made to inhale different test drugs for 2 minutes. The effect was compared between the drugs (Moon H et al, 2008).The respiratory function of guinea pigs were measured using double-chambered plethysmograph. Tidal volume, respiratory rate, tidal airflow and sRaw were measured. Quercetin reduced sRaw by 57.15 +/- 3.82% in IAR 57.72 +/- 7.28% in LAR as well as 55.20 +/- 5.69% in LLAR. Cromolyn sodium significantly reduced sRaw in all three phases (Moon H et al, 2008).Comparison between screening 1 and screening 2Both screening methods use animals as the in vivo test system, inhalation as dosage form and chamber as the place for induction of asthma in animals. Both are used to measure the anti-asthmatic effects of different test drugs.Screening method 1 inconsistencyScreening method 2MiceTest animalsGuinea pigs4% w/v acetycholine bromide in 5% NaHPO or 5% egg-albumin or 2% w/v histamine dihydrochloride aerosolChemical inducing asthma effectsAerosolized-ovalbumin (AOA) (2w/v% in saline, inhalation for 3 min)The time for onset of PCD tone of drug effectsTidal volume, respiratory rate, tidal airflow and sRawBahekar et al.ResearchersHee Moon et al.Table 3 Differences between the screening methods.Side effect of the plant drugs despite the popular claims that drugs from natural sources are safe and effective over the long-term, patients should not be fooled for thinking that natural drugs are safer than synthetic modern medicines. The same goes to the anti-asthmatic drugs.The side effects of the plant drugs areDrugsSide effectsCautionSolutionsQuercetinHeadacheor tingling in arms and legs, kidney damage (high doses)(WebMD, 2013a)Pregnant orbreastfeedin gInteraction with antibioticsCyclosporine,warfarin, or drugs (the function can be changed by theliver)(WebMD, 2013).Consult your doctor if the symptoms do not resolve deep down 2 or 3 weeks after scratch taking this medicine.EphedrineDizziness, headache, nausea, allergic reactions, difficulty urinating (Drugs.com, 2014).allergic reaction to this medicationAsthmaMonoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitorHigh blood pressureHeart disease(Drugs.com, 2014a).Consult your doctor if the symptoms do not resolve within 1 week after starting taking this medicine or you develop a high fever.Cromolyn sodiumNausea, joint pain, headache,mild stinging, burning ortrouble sleeping (WebMD, 2013b).Allergy to cromolyn sodiumKidney diseaseLiver disease(Drugs.com, 2014b).Consult your doctor if the symptoms do not resolve within 2 or 3 weeks after starting taking this medicine.TheophyllineChest pain, fainting, increase in urine volume, pounding or rapid pulse, persistent vomiting, seizures and shakiness (Drugs.co m, 2014c).Breastfeeding (Theophylline can be present in breast milk, harming the baby)Anyone under 18 years old without medical advice(Drugs.com, 2014c).When your body gets used to the drug, the side-effects will disappear. Seek for professional health to reduce these side-effects.Table 4 Side-effects, cautions and solutions for each plant drug.Natural plant drugs do have their side-effects. Drug users have to be alert with the effects and take necessary precautionary steps or consult a doctor when any suspicious symptoms are detected.ConclusionNowadays, you can find countless of prescriptions and over-the-counter medicines derived from plants. During the ancient times, plants have been the symbolical sources of drugs.They just do not get created entirely from zero in lab, but the researchers and scientists trawled through jungles, wetlands, rivers and grasslands they can find, searching for better compounds to test against asthma. Some of the natural anti-asthmatics underwent the most vigorous clinical trials imaginable, bit some were not recognized for its functions due to lack of valid evidence. For example, the benefits of Quercetin in asthma are not known, while theophylline is the certified first line treatment for decades. There are many other plant drugs that have similar anti-asthmatic activity, like wild Licorice, gingko Biloba, Anise (apinene and creosol), garlic and leaf of Parsley. All must undergo the most stringent quality control and quality assurance, together with firm uphold of globular Manufacturing Practice to ensure the quality, efficacy and safety of the plant drugs.So far, there is no cure for asthma. The effects of all the anti-asthmatic drugs and medicine, no matter which group it belongs, discover has been limited to managing and controlling symptoms of asthma. However, there are more and more studies and researches, hoping to find a perfect drug to effectively and safely cure asthma (Taur D.J. and Patil R.Y., 2011). abduceBahe kar R.H. et al. 2000. 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